Structure and function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles have a belly which contains the cells and which attaches by means of tendons or aponeuroses to a bone or other tissue. An aponeurosis is a broad, flat, tendinous attachment, usually along the edge of a muscle. A muscle attaches to an...

Root Formation and Obliteration 1. In general, the root of a deciduous tooth is completely formed in just about one year after eruption of that tooth into the mouth. 2. The intact root of the deciduous tooth is short lived. The roots remain fully formed only for about three years....

Management of Skin Loss in the Face Skin loss in the face can be a challenging condition to manage, particularly when it involves critical areas such as the lips and eyelids. The initial assessment of skin loss may be misleading, as retraction of skin due to underlying muscle tension can...

ACID ETCH TECHNIQUE Cavities requiring added retention (to hold firmly) are treated with an acid etching technique. This technique improves the seal of the composite resin to the cavity wall. The enamel adjacent to the margins of the preparation is slightly decalcified with a 40 to 50 percent phosphoric acid...

Hyperventilation Treatments :Rebreath air, hold breath (Increase CO2) Give oxygen for Hypoxemia

Ethosuximide (Zarontin): use in absence seizures (may exacerbate tonic-clonic seizures) Mechanism: ↓ T-type Ca currents in thalamic neurons, inhibits bursts of APs, ↓ synchronous neuronal firing i.    Thalamo-cortical reverberating circuits: during absence type seizures, have reverberating circuits between cerebral cortex and thalamus at 3 Hz maintained by T-type Ca channels...

Pharyngeal Arch Arch Artery Cranial Nerve Skeletal elements Muscles 1 Terminal Branch of maxillary artery Maxillary and mandibular division of trigemenial (V) Derived from arch cartilages (originating from neural crest): From maxillary cartilages: Alispenoid, incus From mandibular: Mackel’s cartilage, malleus   Upper portion of external ear (auricle) is derived from...

Management and Treatment of Le Fort Fractures Le Fort fractures require careful assessment and management to restore facial anatomy, function, and aesthetics. The treatment approach may vary depending on the type and severity of the fracture. Le Fort I Fracture Initial Assessment: Airway Management: Ensure the airway is patent, especially...

Superior Constrictor Muscle Origin: Hamulus, pterygo-mandibular raphe, and mylohyoid line of the mandible. Insertion: Median raphe of the pharynx. Nerve Supply: Vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus. Arterial Supply: Ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine artery, tonsillar branch of the facial artery, and dorsal branch of the lingual artery. Action: Constricts...

Levofloxacin Levofloxacin is effective against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Because of its broad spectrum of action, levofloxacin is frequently prescribed in hospitals for pulmonary infections

Cough is a protective reflex which helps in expulsion of respiratory secretion or foreign particles which are irritant to respiratory tract. Irritation to any part of respiratory tract starting from pharynx to lungs carried impulses by afferent fibres in vagus and sympathetic nerve to the cough centre in the medulla...

Tooth Polishing and Cleansing Agents 1. Cleansing-removal of exogenous stains, pellicle, materia alba, and other oral debris without causing undue abrasion to tooth structure 2. Polishing-smoothening surfaces of amalgam, composite, glass ionomers, porcelain, and other restorative materials Factors influencing cleaning and polishing -    Hardness of abrasive particles versus substrate -  ...