I. VASCULAR VITALITY ASSESSMENT OF PULP Traditional vitality assessment methods such as heat, cold, and electric pulp testers assess neural vitality and often cause false-positive errors. As the histological assessment of pulpal status is not feasible clinically, a tool to assess the vascular flow of the pulp would be very...

Infants (0 - 6 months): No fluoride supplementation is recommended regardless of water fluoridation levels. Toddlers (0.5 - 3 years): Supplementation is recommended only if the water fluoridation level is less than 0.3 ppm. Preschoolers (3 - 6 years): Dosages vary based on water fluoridation levels, with higher dosages for...

VITAMINS Based on solubility Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (lipid soluble) or water-soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble Vitamin C and B is water soluble. B-COMPLEX VITAMINS Eight of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the vitamin B-complex group: thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin...

Str. agalactiae β-hemolytic, with its capsule being the major virulence factor.  Capsule inhibits phagocytosis and complement activation.  The CAMP factor (a hemolysin) is another virulence factor. Group B strep are normally found in GI tracts and vaginas.  Major disease is neonatal sepsis/meningitis after passage through infected birth canal.  May lead...

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS Produce actions similar to Acetylcholine (Ach) Cholinergic Agonists 1 Acetylcholine  2 Methacholine  3. Carbachol 4 Bethnechol Alkaloids 1.Muscarine 2 Pilocarpine 3. Arecoline MECHANISM OF ACTION I Heart- hyperpolarizes the SA node and decreases the rate of diastolic depolarisation. thus the frequcncy of impulse generation is decreased. bradycardia. 2...

COPD and Cancer A.    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1.    Common features of COPD a.    almost all have smoking history b.    dyspnea - chronic "gasping" for air c.    frequent coughing and infections d.    often leads to respiratory failure 2.    obstructive emphysema - usually results from smoking a.    enlargement & deterioration...

Orthopaedic appliances in dentistry are devices used to modify the growth of the jaws and align teeth by applying specific forces. These appliances utilize light orthodontic forces (50-100 grams) for tooth movement and orthopedic forces to induce skeletal changes, effectively guiding dental and facial development. Orthopaedic appliances are designed to...

A dermatofibroma is a benign tumor of the dermis, MC located on the lower extremity, where it has a nodular, pigmented appearance.  - composed of benign histiocytes.

IMMUNITY AND RESISTANCE TO INFECTION Body's resistance to infection depends upon: I. Defence mechanisms at surfaces and portals of entry. II. Nonspecific or innate immunity Ill. Specific immune response. I.  Surface Defence Mechanisms 1. Skin: (i) Mechanical barrier of keratin and desquamation. (ii) Resident commensal organisms (iii)Acidity of sweat. (iv)...

Microbiological examination  This is a method by which body fluids, excised tissue, etc. are examined by microscopical, cultural and serological techniques to identify micro-organisms Microbiological examination responsible for many diseases.

Decayed-Missing-Filled Index ( DMF ) which was introduced by Klein, Palmer and Knutson in 1938 and modified by WHO: 1. DMF teeth index (DMFT) which measures the prevalence of dental caries/Teeth. 2. DMF surfaces index (DMFS) which measures the severity of dental caries. The components are: D component: Used to...

→ Following rules should be considered to classify partially edentulous arches, based on Kennedy's classification. Rule 1: → Classification should follow, rather than precede extraction, that might alter the original classification. Rule 2: → If 3rd molar is missing and not to be replaced, it is not considered in classification. Rule 3: → If the 3rd molar is present and is to be...