The nephron of the kidney is involved in the regulation of water and soluble substances in blood. A Nephron A nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidneys that regulates water and soluble substances in the blood by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed, and excreting...

Berkson's Bias is a type of selection bias that occurs in case-control studies, particularly when the cases and controls are selected from a hospital or clinical setting. It arises when the selection of cases (individuals with the disease) and controls (individuals without the disease) is influenced by the presence of other...

COMPOSITE RESINS Reaction Free radical polymerization Monomers + initiator. + accelerators-+ polymer molecules Initiators-start polymerization by decomposing and reacting with monomer Accelerators-speed up initiator decomposition Amines used  for accelerating self –curing  systems  Light  used for accelerating light-curing systems Retarders or inhibitors-prevent premature polymerization

Pathology gives explanations of a disease by studying the following four aspects of the disease. 1. Etiology, 2. Pathogenesis, 3. Morphologic changes and 4. Functional derangements and clinical significance. 1. Etiology Etiology of a disease means the cause of the disease. If the cause of a disease is known it...

Neomycin used as a topical preparation Neomycin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and has been used as a preventative measure for hepatic encephalopathy and hypercholesterolemia. By killing bacteria in the intestinal tract, it keeps ammonia levels low and prevents hepatic encephalopathy, especially prior to GI surgery. It is...

Alveolar Ventilation: is the volume of air of new air , entering the alveoli and adjacent gas exchange areas each minute . It equals to multiplying of respiratory rate by ( tidal volume - dead space). Va = R rate X (TV- DsV)      = 12 X ( 500-150)...

MANDIBULAR CUSPIDS Mandibular canines are those lower teeth that articulate with the mesial aspect of the upper canine. Facial: The mandibular canine is noticeably narrower mesidistally than the upper, but the root may be as long as that of the upper canine. In an individual person,the lower canine is often...

Properties-improve with filler content Physical Radiopacity depends on ions in silicate glass or the addition of barium sulfate (many systems radiolucent) Coefficient of thermal expansion is 35 to 45 ppm/C and decreases with increasing filler content Thermal and electrical insulators Chemical Water absorption is 0.5 % to 2.5% and increases...

Necrotizing Sialometaplasia Necrotizing sialometaplasia is an inflammatory lesion that primarily affects the salivary glands, particularly the minor salivary glands. It is characterized by necrosis of the glandular tissue and subsequent metaplastic changes. The exact etiology of this condition remains unknown, but several factors have been suggested to contribute to its development....

Connective Tissue of the Gingiva and Related Cellular Components The connective tissue of the gingiva, known as the lamina propria, plays a crucial role in supporting the gingival epithelium and maintaining periodontal health. This lecture will cover the structure of the lamina propria, the types of connective tissue fibers present, the...

Classification of Amelogenesis Imperfecta Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of genetic conditions that affect the development of enamel, leading to various enamel defects. The classification of amelogenesis imperfecta is based on the phenotype of the enamel and the mode of inheritance. Below is a detailed classification of amelogenesis imperfecta....

Megaloblastic anaemia Metabolism: B12(cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme in DNA synthesis and for maintenance of nervous system. Daily requirement 2 micro grams. Absorption in terminal ileum in the presence gastric intrinsic factor. It is stored in liver mainly- Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid) is needed for DNA synthesis.. Daily requirement 100 micro...