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Physiology
The pupillary light reflex is under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system, which stimulates muscarinic receptors in the iris sphincter muscle. This leads to pupil constriction (miosis) in response to light, as part of the body's attemp
Public Health Dentistry
A measure that has validity is necessarily reliable, as reliability is a prerequisite for validity. However, a measure that is reliable does not necessarily mean it is valid. Validity refers to the degree to which a measurement tool accurately
General Medicine
The treatment goals for adults with diabetes mellitus are multifaceted and include glycemic control, blood pressure management, and lipid management. The aim is to maintain HbA1C levels below 7% for most individuals to minimize long-term complicat