NEET MDS Shorts
640022
Prosthodontics In anterior teeth, "rests" are ideally prepared and located on the lingual surfaces. This is because the lingual surfaces provide better support for the denture and distribute the occlusal forces more evenly across the palatal mucosa, reducing the risk of denture movement and discomfort.
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Oral PathologyThe histopathology of osteopetrosis shows endosteal bone formation and lack of normal bone resorption.
471696
Oral SurgeryAnterior to lateral pterygoid plate. In the extraoral maxillary nerve block, the
needle is inserted at the posterior aspect of the condylar neck and directed
anteriorly to target the pterygomandibular space, which contains the maxillary
nerve and its branches. This technique is used to anesthetize the molars and
premolars of the upper jaw and is also known as the Vazirani-Akinosi technique.
336666
Dental MaterialsResilience is the amount of energy absorbed by a structure when it is stressed to proportional Limit.
The elastic area of the stress-strain graph gives resilience; entire area up to breaking point is a measure of toughness.
The slope of straight Line gives Young’s modulus.
545854
General PathologyHb-electrophoresis is the investigation done to establish the diagnosis of thalassemia, as it separates different hemoglobin types based on their charge.
156012
General MedicineSLE is characterized by the presence of a wide array of autoantibodies, particularly against nuclear components. These autoantibodies contribute to the pathology of the disease by forming immune complexes that can cause tissue damage and by activating the complement system, leading to inflammation.
763586
PathologyGas Gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis or anaerobic cellulitis,
is a severe and rapidly progressing form of necrotizing soft tissue infection
caused by the bacterial genus Clostridium. The condition is characterized by the
production of gas within the tissues due to the fermentation of carbohydrates by
the bacteria. The most common species implicated in gas gangrene is Clostridium
perfringens.
1. Clostridium tetani: This bacterium is the causative agent of tetanus, which
is a neurotoxic disease that leads to muscle spasms and rigidity. It is not
directly associated with gas gangrene, although both are anaerobic infections
that can occur in deep puncture wounds and both produce exotoxins. However, the
primary symptom of tetanus is muscular rigidity and spasms due to the production
of tetanospasmin, not the tissue destruction and gas production seen in gas
gangrene.
2. Clostridium perfringens: This is the most common cause of gas gangrene. C.
perfringens produces alpha toxin, which is a powerful enzyme that can break down
tissue and release gas as a byproduct. The infection typically occurs in the
deep layers of the skin and muscles following a severe trauma, surgery, or
burns, where there is a lack of oxygen, allowing the anaerobic bacteria to
thrive. The rapid spread of infection is due to the bacteria's ability to
produce multiple exotoxins that cause tissue necrosis and vasoconstriction,
leading to ischemia and further tissue damage.
3. Clostridium difficile: Although a member of the Clostridium genus, C.
difficile is mainly associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and
pseudomembranous colitis. It is a hospital-acquired infection that affects the
intestinal tract and is not typically involved in causing gas gangrene. While it
is an anaerobic bacterium, its pathogenicity is primarily due to the production
of toxins that damage the colon's mucosal lining rather than invading tissues
outside the gut.
4. Peptostreptococci: These are anaerobic bacteria that can be part of the
normal skin and mucosal flora. They are involved in various infections,
particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical
conditions. Peptostreptococci are more commonly associated with mixed anaerobic
infections such as abscesses, osteomyelitis, and other soft tissue infections,
but they are not typically the sole cause of gas gangrene.
375844
RadiologyFor detection of herniation and perforation of the fibrous disc of TMJ, the best indicated method is arthrography.