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General Medicine
Pinhead stippling of the skull is a sign of increased osteoclastic activity, which is characteristic of hyperparathyroidism. It represents resorption of the outer layer of the bone and is most prominent in the calvaria.
Periodontics
The early effects of primary trauma from occlusion can include hemorrhage and thrombosis in the periodontal ligament, leading to inflammation and potential tissue damage.
Physiology
Answer: 3) The equilibrium potential for sodium (Na+) ions in a typical neuron is +60 mV.