NEET MDS Synopsis
Group A Streptococcus
General Pathology
Group A Streptococcus
- scarlet fever usually begins as a Streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and then develops an erythematous rash beginning on the trunk and limbs with eventual desquamation.
- rash is due to elaboration of erythrogenic toxin by the organism
- face is usually spared, but, if involved there is a characteristic circumoral pallor and the tongue becomes bright red, thus the term "strawberry tongue".
- post-streptococcal immune complex glomerulonephritis is a possible sequela of scarlet fever.
- Dick test is a skin test that evaluates immunity against scarlet fever; no response indicates immunity (anti-toxin antibodies present); erythema indicates no immunity.
- impetigo due to Streptococcus pyogenes is characterized by honey colored, crusted lesions, while those with a predominantly bullous pattern are primarily due to Staphylococcus aureus.
- cellulitis with lymphangitis ("red streaks") is characteristic of Streptococcus pyogenes.
- hyaluronidase is a spreading factor that favors the spread of infection throughout the subcutaneous tissue unlike Staphylococcus aureus which generates coagulase to keep the pus confined.
- erysipelas refers to a raised, erythematous ("brawny edema"), hot cellulitis, usually on the face that commonly produces septicemia, if left untreated.
Methods of general anesthesia
Pharmacology
Methods of general anesthesia
CIRCLE SYSTEM
*HIGH-FLOW
FRESH GAS FLOW > 3 l/min.
*LOW-FLOW
FGF ok. 1l/min.
*MINIMAL-FLOW
FGF ok. 0,5 l/min.
Antidepressant Drugs
Pharmacology
Antidepressant Drugs
Drug treatment of depression is based on increasing serotonin (5-HT) or NE (or both) at synapses in selective tracts in the brain. This can be accomplished by different mechanisms.
Treatment takes several weeks to reach full clinical efficacy.
1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
a. Amitriptyline
b. Desipramine
c. Doxepin
d. Imipramine
e. Protriptyline
2. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a. Fluoxetine
b. Paroxetine
c. Sertraline
d. Fluvoxamine
e. Citalopram
3. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
a. Tranylcypromine
b. Phenelzine
4. Miscellaneous antidepressants
a. Bupropion
b. Maprotiline
c. Mirtazapine
d. Trazodone
e. St. John’s Wort
Antimania Drugs
These drugs are used to treat manic-depressive illness.
1. Lithium
2. Carbamazepine
3. Valproic acid
Microscopic structure
Anatomy
Cartilage model is covered with perichondrium that is converted to periosteum
Diaphysis-central shaft
Epiphysis-located at either end of the diaphysis
Growth in length of the bone is provided by the emetaphyseal plate located between the epiphyseal cartilage and the diaphysis
Blood capillaries and the mesenchymal cells infiltrate the spaces left by the destroyed chondrocytes
Osteoblasts are derived from the undifferentiated cells; form an osseous matrix in the cartilage
Bone appears at the site where there was cartilage
Microscopic structure
Compact bone is found on the exterior of all bones; canceIlous bone is found in the interior
Surface of compact bone is covered by periosteum that is attached by Sharpey's fibers
Blood vessels enter the periosteum via Volkmann's canals and then enter the haversian canals that are formed by the canaliculi and lacunae
Marrow
FiIls spaces of spongy bone
Contains blood vessels and blood ceIls in various stages of development
Types
Red bone marrow
Formation of red blood ceIls (RBCs) and some white blood cells (WBCs) in this location
Predominate type of marrow in newborn
Found in spongy bone of adults (sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and proximal epiphyses of long bones)
Yellow bone marrow
Fatty marrow
Generally replaces red bone marrow in the adult, except in areas mentioned above
Ossification is completed as the proximal epiphysis joins with the diaphysis between the twentieth and twenty-fifth year
Emergency and Management in Dentistry
General Medicine
1. Anaphylaxis
- Adrenaline (epinephrine) injection 1:1000, 1 mg/ml
- Intramuscular adrenaline (0.5 ml of 1 in 1000 solution)
- Repeat at 5 minutes if needed
2. Hypoglycaemia
- Oral glucose solution/tablets/gel/powder
- Glucagon injection 1 mg Intramuscular
- Proprietary non-diet drink or 5 g glucose powder in water
3. Acute exacerbation of asthma
- (Beta-2 agonist) Salbutamol aerosol inhaler 100 mcg/activation
- Salbutamol aerosol Activations directly or up to six into a spacer
4. Status epilepticus
- Buccal or intranasal midazolam 10 mg/ml
5. Angina
- Glyceryl trinitrate spray 400 mcg/metered activation
6. Myocardial infarct
- Dispersible aspirin 300 mg
Impression Materials - Reaction
Dental Materials
Physical reaction-cooling causes reversible hardening
Chemical reaction-irreversible reaction during setting
Applegate's Rules
Prosthodontics→ Following rules should be considered to classify partially edentulous
arches, based on Kennedy's classification.
Rule 1:
→ Classification should follow, rather than precede extraction, that might
alter the original classification.
Rule 2:
→ If 3rd molar is missing and not to be replaced, it is not
considered in classification.
Rule 3:
→ If the 3rd molar is present and is to be used as an abutment, it
is considered in classification.
Rule 4:
→ If second molar is missing and is not to be replaced, it is not
considered in classification.
Rule 5:
→ The most posterior edentulous area or areas always determine the
classification.
Rule 6:
→ Edentulous areas other than those, which determine the classification are
referred as modification spaces and are designated by their number.
Rule 7:
→ The extent of modification is not considered, only the number of additional
edentulous areas are taken into consideration (i.e. no. of teeth missing in
modification spaces are not considered, only no. of additional edentulous spaces
are considered).
Rule 8:
→ There can be no modification areas in class IV.
Indications for Rigid Osteosynthesis
Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
- Fractures in an edentulous part of the body of the mandible.
-Concomitant fractures of the body and condyle when early mobilization is indicated.
- Continuity defects.
- Fractures in which non-union or malunion has occurred.
- Patients in whom intermaxillary fixation is contraindicated.
- Fractures associated with closed head injury.