NEET MDS Synopsis
The Soft Palate
AnatomyThe Soft Palate
This is the posterior curtain-like part, and has no bony support. It does, however, contain a membranous aponeurosis.
The soft palate, or velum palatinum (L. velum, veil), is a movable, fibromuscular fold that is attached to the posterior edge of the hard palate.
It extends posteroinferiorly to a curved free margin from which hangs a conical process, the uvula (L. uva, grape).
The soft palate separates the nasopharynx superiorly and the oropharynx inferiorly.
During swallowing the soft palate moves posteriorly against the wall of the pharynx, preventing the regurgitation of food into the nasal cavity.
Laterally, the soft palate is continuous with the wall of the pharynx and is joined to the tongue and pharynx by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.
The soft palate is strengthened by the palatine aponeurosis, formed by the expanded tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle.
This aponeurosis attaches to the posterior margin of the hard palate.
Classification of Dental amalgam
Dental Materials
Classification of Dental amalgam
1. By powder particle shape .
Irregular (comminuted, filing, or lathecut)
Spherical (spherodized)
Blends (e.g., irregular-irregular, irregularspherical, or spherical-spherical)
2. By total amount of copper
Low-copper alloys (e.g., conventional, traditional); <5% copper
High-copper alloys (e,g. corrosion resistant); 12% to 28% copper
3.By presence of zinc
Examples
Low-copper, irregular-particle alloy-silver (70%)-tin (26%)-copper (4%)
High-copper, blended-particles alloy-irregular particles, silver (70%) –tin (26%) -Copper (4%); spherical particles, silver (72%)-copper (28%)
High-copper, spherical-particles alloy-silver (60%) - tin (27%)-copper (13%)
Pulpotomy
Pedodontics
Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy is a dental procedure that involves the surgical removal of the
coronal portion of the dental pulp while leaving the healthy pulp tissue in the
root canals intact. This procedure is primarily performed on primary (deciduous)
teeth but can also be indicated in certain cases for permanent teeth. The goal
of pulpotomy is to preserve the vitality of the remaining pulp tissue, alleviate
pain, and maintain the tooth's function.
Indications for Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy is indicated in the following situations:
Deep Carious Lesions: When a tooth has a deep cavity
that has reached the pulp but there is no evidence of irreversible pulpitis
or periapical pathology.
Trauma: In cases where a tooth has been traumatized,
leading to pulp exposure, but the pulp is still vital and healthy.
Asymptomatic Teeth: Teeth that are asymptomatic but have
deep caries that are close to the pulp can be treated with pulpotomy to
prevent future complications.
Primary Teeth: Pulpotomy is commonly performed on
primary teeth that are expected to exfoliate naturally, allowing for the
preservation of the tooth until it is ready to fall out.
Contraindications for Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy is not recommended in the following situations:
Irreversible Pulpitis: If the pulp is infected
or necrotic, a pulpotomy is not appropriate, and a pulpectomy or
extraction may be necessary.
Periapical Pathology: The presence of periapical
radiolucency or other signs of infection at the root apex indicates that the
pulp is not healthy enough to be preserved.
Extensive Internal Resorption: If there is significant
internal resorption of the tooth structure, the tooth may
not be viable for pulpotomy.
Inaccessible Canals: Teeth with complex canal systems
that cannot be adequately accessed may not be suitable for this procedure.
The Pulpotomy Procedure
Anesthesia: Local anesthesia is administered to ensure
the patient is comfortable and pain-free during the procedure.
Access Opening: A high-speed bur is used to create an
access opening in the crown of the tooth to reach the pulp chamber.
Removal of Coronal Pulp: The coronal portion of the pulp
is carefully removed using specialized instruments. This step is crucial to
eliminate any infected or necrotic tissue.
Hemostasis: After the coronal pulp is removed, the area
is treated to achieve hemostasis (control of bleeding). This may involve the
use of a medicated dressing or hemostatic agents.
Application of Diluted Formocresol: A diluted
formocresol solution (typically a 1:5 or 1:10 dilution) is applied to the
remaining pulp tissue. Formocresol acts as a fixative and has antibacterial
properties, helping to preserve the vitality of the remaining pulp and
prevent infection.
Pulp Dressing: A biocompatible material, such as
calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), is placed
over the remaining pulp tissue to promote healing and protect it from
further injury.
Temporary Restoration: The access cavity is sealed with
a temporary restoration to protect the tooth until a permanent restoration
can be placed.
Follow-Up: The patient is scheduled for a follow-up
appointment to monitor the tooth's healing and to place a permanent
restoration, such as a stainless steel crown, if the tooth is a
primary tooth.
MCQs Paediatrics 1
Paediatrics
1.cleft palate is best repaired
1) Soon after birth B
2) At one month
3) At 6-8 months
4) Between 12-18 months
Ans 4
Cleft lip repair should be done between 3-6 months of age.
2. Intra-osseous access for drugs and fluid administration is recommended for paediatric group up to the age of
1) <one year
2) <4 yeats
3) <6 years
4) Up to 12 years
Ans. 3
3. Which of the following is a true statement regarding congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)
1) Common on right side
2) Associated with pulmonary hypoplasia
3) Present with recurrent vomiting at birth
4) Baby benefited with bag mask ventilation
Ans. 4
CHD is common on left side by which gastric contents herniate to thoracic cavity , Bag mask ventilation in these babies leads to gastric distension which may further compress the lungs and increase mediastinal shift.
Parvoviruses
General Pathology
Parvoviruses
- smallest DNA virus
- erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) is characterized by a confluent rash usually beginning on the cheeks ("slapped face") which extends centripetally to involve the trunk; fever, malaise and respiratory problems; and arthralgias and joint swelling (50%).
other associations:
- aplastic anemia in patients with chronic hemolytic anemias (e.g., sickle cell disease, spherocytosis).
- repeated abortions associated with hydrops fetalis.
- pure RBC aplasia by involving the RBC precursors (no reticulocytes peripherally).
-chronic arthritis
Myofunctional Appliances
OrthodonticsMyofunctional Appliances
Myofunctional appliances are removable or fixed devices that aim to
correct dental and skeletal discrepancies by promoting proper oral and
facial muscle function. They are based on the principles of myofunctional
therapy, which focuses on the relationship between muscle function and
dental alignment.
Mechanism of Action:
These appliances work by encouraging the correct positioning of the
tongue, lips, and cheeks, which can help guide the growth of the jaws
and the alignment of the teeth. They can also help in retraining oral
muscle habits that may contribute to malocclusion, such as thumb sucking
or mouth breathing.
Types of Myofunctional Appliances
Functional Appliances:
Bionator: A removable appliance that encourages
forward positioning of the mandible and helps in correcting Class II
malocclusions.
Frankel Appliance: A removable appliance that
modifies the position of the dental arches and improves facial
aesthetics by influencing muscle function.
Activator: A functional appliance that promotes
mandibular growth and corrects dental relationships by positioning the
mandible forward.
Tongue Retainers:
Devices designed to maintain the tongue in a specific position,
often used to correct tongue thrusting habits that can lead to
malocclusion.
Mouthguards:
While primarily used for protection during sports, certain types of
mouthguards can also be designed to promote proper tongue posture and
prevent harmful oral habits.
Myobrace:
A specific type of myofunctional appliance that is used to correct
dental alignment and improve oral function by encouraging proper tongue
posture and lip closure.
Indications for Use
Malocclusions: Myofunctional appliances are often
indicated for treating Class II and Class III malocclusions, as well as
other dental alignment issues.
Oral Habits: They can help in correcting harmful oral
habits such as thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, and mouth breathing.
Facial Growth Modification: These appliances can be
used to influence the growth of the jaws in growing children, promoting a
more favorable dental and facial relationship.
Improving Oral Function: They can enhance functions
such as chewing, swallowing, and speech by promoting proper muscle
coordination.
Advantages of Myofunctional Appliances
Non-Invasive: Myofunctional appliances are generally
non-invasive and can be a more comfortable option for patients compared to
fixed appliances.
Promotes Natural Growth: They can guide the natural
growth of the jaws and teeth, making them particularly effective in growing
children.
Improves Oral Function: By retraining oral muscle
function, these appliances can enhance overall oral health and function.
Aesthetic Appeal: Many myofunctional appliances are
less noticeable than traditional braces, which can be more appealing to
patients.
Limitations of Myofunctional Appliances
Compliance Dependent: The effectiveness of
myofunctional appliances relies heavily on patient compliance. Patients must
wear the appliance as prescribed for optimal results.
Limited Scope: While effective for certain types of
malocclusions, myofunctional appliances may not be suitable for all cases,
particularly those requiring significant tooth movement or surgical
intervention.
Adjustment Period: Patients may experience discomfort
or difficulty adjusting to the appliance initially, which can affect
compliance.
Niacin: Vitamin B3, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic Acid Niacin, or vitamin B3
Biochemistry
Niacin: Vitamin B3, Nicotinamide, Nicotinic Acid Niacin, or vitamin B3,
is involved in energy production, normal enzyme function, digestion, promoting normal appetite, healthy skin, and nerves.
RDA Males: 16 mg/day; Females: 14 mg/day
Niacin Deficiency : Pellagra is the disease state that occurs as a result of severe niacin deficiency. Symptoms include cramps, nausea, mental confusion, and skin problems.
Important points about the periodontal pocket
PeriodontologySome important points about the periodontal pocket :
·Soft tissue of pocket wall shows both proliferative & degenerative changes
·Most severe degenerative changes are seen on the lateral wall of pocket
·Plasma cells are the predominant infiltrate (80%). Others include lymphocytes &
a scattering of PMNs
·Height of junctional epithelium shortened to only 50-100µm
·Severity of degenerative changes is not linked to pocket depth
·Junctional epithelium starts to lose attachment to tooth when PMN infiltration
in junctional epithelium increases above 60%.