NEET MDS Synopsis
Digit Sucking and Infantile Swallow
PedodonticsDigit Sucking and Infantile Swallow
Introduction to Digit Sucking
Digit sucking is a common behavior observed in infants and young children. It
can be categorized into two main types based on the underlying reasons for the
behavior:
Nutritive Sucking
Definition: This type of sucking occurs during
feeding and is essential for nourishment.
Timing: Nutritive sucking typically begins in the
first few weeks of life.
Causes: It is primarily associated with feeding
problems, where the infant may suck on fingers or digits as a substitute
for breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.
Non-Nutritive Sucking
Definition: This type of sucking is not related to
feeding and serves other psychological or emotional needs.
Causes: Non-nutritive sucking can arise from
various psychological factors, including:
Hunger
Satisfying the innate sucking instinct
Feelings of insecurity
Desire for attention
Examples: Common forms of non-nutritive sucking
habits include:
Thumb or finger sucking
Pacifier sucking
Non-Nutritive Sucking Habits (NMS Habits)
Characteristics: Non-nutritive sucking habits are often
comforting for children and can serve as a coping mechanism in stressful
situations.
Implications: While these habits are generally normal
in early childhood, prolonged non-nutritive sucking can lead to dental
issues, such as malocclusion or changes in the oral cavity.
Infantile Swallow
Definition: The infantile swallow is a specific pattern
of swallowing observed in infants.
Characteristics:
Active contraction of the lip musculature.
The tongue tip is positioned forward, making contact with the lower
lip.
Minimal activity of the posterior tongue and pharyngeal musculature.
Posture: The tongue-to-lower lip contact is so
prevalent in infants that it often becomes their resting posture. This can
be observed when gently moving the infant's lip, causing the tongue tip to
move in unison, suggesting a strong connection between the two.
Developmental Changes: The sucking reflex and the
infantile swallow typically diminish and disappear within the first year of
life as the child matures and develops more complex feeding and swallowing
patterns.
Hemostasis
PhysiologyHemostasis - the stopping of the blood. Triggered by a ruptured vessel wall it occurs in several steps:
1) vascular spasm - most vessels will constrict strongly when their walls are damaged. This accounts for individuals not bleeding to death even when limbs are crushed. It also can help to enhance blood clotting in less severe injuries.
2) platelet plug - platelets become sticky when they contact collagen, a protein in the basement membrane of the endothelium exposed when the vessel wall is ruptured. As they stick together they can form a plug which will stem the flow of blood in minor vessels.
3) Formation of the Blood Clot:
A) release of platelet factors - as platelets stick together and to the vascular wall some are ruptured releasing chemicals such as thromboxane, PF3, ADP and other substances. These become prothrombin activators. Thromboxane also makes the platelets even stickier, and increases the vascular constriction. These reactions are self perpetuating and become a cascade which represents a positive feedback mechanism.
B) prothrombin activators : prothrombin (already in the blood) is split into smaller products including thrombin, an active protease.
C) thrombin splits soluble fibrinogen, already present in the plasma, into monomers which then polymerize to produce insoluble fibrin threads. The fibrin threads weave the platelets and other cells together to form the actual clot. This occurs within four to six minutes when the injury is severe and up to 15 minutes when it is not. After 15 minutes the clot begins to retract as the fibrin threads contract, pulling the broken edges of the injury together and smoothing the surface of the clot causing the chemical processes to cease. Eventually the clot will dissolve due to enzymes such as plasmin also present in the blood.
The extrinsic pathway: when tissues are damaged the damaged cells release substances called tissue thromboplastin which also acts as a prothrombin activator. This enhances and speeds coagulation when tissue damage is involved.
Anti-thrombin III - this factor helps to prevent clotting when no trigger is present by removing any thrombin present. Its function is magnified many times when heparin is present. Therefore heparin is used clinically as a short-term anticoagulant.
Vitamin K - stimulates the production of clotting factors including prothrombin and fibrinogen in the liver. This vitamin is normally produced by bacteria in the colon. Coumarin (or coumadin) competes with Vitamin K in the liver and is used clinically for long-term suppression of clotting.
Several factors important to clotting are known to be absent in forms of hemophilia. These factors are produced by specific genes which are mutated in the deficient forms. The factors are VIII, IX, and XI.
Calcium is necessary for blood clotting and its removal from the blood by complexing with citrate will prevent the blood from clotting during storage
PROSTHODONTICS QUESTIONS NEET MDS
NEET MDS
1. Following extraction of the molar teeth
A. The ridge height is lost more from the maxilla than from the mandible
B. The maxillary ridge will get more bone lost from the palatal aspect than the
buccal
C. The mandibular arch is relatively narrower than the maxillary arch
D. Compared with the pre-resorption state, the mandibular ridge will lose more
bone from the
lingual aspect than the buccal one
Ans D
2. Which of the following is a major disadvantage to immediate complete
denture therapy
A. Trauma to extraction site
B. Increased the potential of infection
C. Impossibility for anterior try in
D. Excessive resorption of residual ridge
Ans C
3. When repairing a fracture of lower complete denture. Which statement is
correct:
A. Self curing will distort the denture
B. Cold curing will not be strong enough because of small area of attachment
C. There is a possibility of occlusal disharmony
D. none
Ans C
4. The setting expansion of casting investment is approximately
A. 0 to 0.1%
B. 0.1 to 0.5%
C. 0.5 to 1%
D. 1.1 to 1.6%
Ans C
5. The un-polymerized monomer in Self-cured resin is approximately:
A. 0.5%
B. 2.5%
C. 5%
D. 10%
Ans A
6. A volume shrinkage of methyl meta cyrelate monomer when is polymerized:
A. 12%
B. 15%
C. 18%
D. 21%
Ans D
7. All of the following landmarks are included while making a post dam for
maxillary arch except
A) Pterygomaxillary notch
B) Hamular process
C) Fovea palatina
D) Vibrating line
Ans: B
8. The thickness of the spacer used in special tray is
A) 2.5mm
B) 2.0mm
C) 1.5mm
D) 1.0mm
Ans. B,
Wax spacer is used to provide the space in the tray for the final impression
material and allows the tray to be properly positioned in the mouth during
border molding procedures
Base plate wax covers the basal seat area except for labial and buccal
reflections and the posterior palatal seal area
Supporting Cusps in Dental Occlusion
Conservative DentistrySupporting Cusps in Dental Occlusion
Supporting cusps, also known as stamp cusps, centric holding cusps, or
holding cusps, play a crucial role in dental occlusion and function. They are
essential for effective chewing and maintaining the vertical dimension of the
face. This guide will outline the characteristics, functions, and clinical
significance of supporting cusps.
Supporting Cusps: These are the cusps of the maxillary
and mandibular teeth that make contact during maximum intercuspation (MI)
and are primarily responsible for supporting the vertical dimension of the
face and facilitating effective chewing.
Location
Maxillary Supporting Cusps: Located on the lingual
occlusal line of the maxillary teeth.
Mandibular Supporting Cusps: Located on the facial
occlusal line of the mandibular teeth.
Functions of Supporting Cusps
A. Chewing Efficiency
Mortar and Pestle Action: Supporting cusps contact the
opposing teeth in their corresponding faciolingual center on a marginal
ridge or a fossa, allowing them to cut, crush, and grind fibrous food
effectively.
Food Reduction: The natural tooth form, with its
multiple ridges and grooves, aids in the reduction of the food bolus during
chewing.
B. Stability and Alignment
Preventing Drifting: Supporting cusps help prevent the
drifting and passive eruption of teeth, maintaining proper occlusal
relationships.
Characteristics of Supporting Cusps
Supporting cusps can be identified by the following five characteristic
features:
Contact in Maximum Intercuspation (MI): They make
contact with the opposing tooth during MI, providing stability in occlusion.
Support for Vertical Dimension: They contribute to
maintaining the vertical dimension of the face, which is essential for
proper facial aesthetics and function.
Proximity to Faciolingual Center: Supporting cusps are
located nearer to the faciolingual center of the tooth compared to
nonsupporting cusps, enhancing their functional role.
Potential for Contact on Outer Incline: The outer
incline of supporting cusps has the potential for contact with opposing
teeth, facilitating effective occlusion.
Broader, Rounded Cusp Ridges: Supporting cusps have
broader and more rounded cusp ridges than nonsupporting cusps, making them
better suited for crushing food.
Clinical Significance
A. Occlusal Relationships
Maxillary vs. Mandibular Arch: The maxillary arch is
larger than the mandibular arch, resulting in the supporting cusps of the
maxilla being more robust and better suited for crushing food than those of
the mandible.
B. Lingual Tilt of Posterior Teeth
Height of Supporting Cusps: The lingual tilt of the
posterior teeth increases the relative height of the supporting cusps
compared to nonsupporting cusps, which can obscure central fossa contacts.
C. Restoration Considerations
Restoration Fabrication: During the fabrication of
restorations, it is crucial to ensure that supporting cusps do not contact
opposing teeth in a manner that results in lateral deflection. Instead,
restorations should provide contacts on plateaus or smoothly concave fossae
to direct masticatory forces parallel to the long axes of the teeth.
Camouflage in orthodontics
OrthodonticsCamouflage in orthodontics refers to the strategic use of
orthodontic treatment to mask or disguise underlying skeletal discrepancies,
particularly in cases where surgical intervention may not be feasible or desired
by the patient. This approach aims to improve dental alignment and occlusion
while minimizing the appearance of skeletal issues, such as Class II or Class
III malocclusions.
Key Concepts of Camouflage in Orthodontics
Objective:
The primary goal of camouflage is to create a more aesthetically
pleasing smile and functional occlusion without addressing the
underlying skeletal relationship directly. This is particularly useful
for patients who may not want to undergo orthognathic surgery.
Indications:
Camouflage is often indicated for:
Class II Malocclusion: Where the lower jaw is
positioned further back than the upper jaw.
Class III Malocclusion: Where the lower jaw is
positioned further forward than the upper jaw.
Mild to Moderate Skeletal Discrepancies: Cases
where the skeletal relationship is not severe enough to warrant
surgical correction.
Mechanisms:
Tooth Movement: Camouflage typically involves
moving the teeth into positions that improve the occlusion and facial
aesthetics. This may include:
Proclination of Upper Incisors: In Class II
cases, the upper incisors may be tilted forward to improve the
appearance of the bite.
Retroclination of Lower Incisors: In Class III
cases, the lower incisors may be tilted backward to help achieve a
better occlusal relationship.
Use of Elastics: Orthodontic elastics can be
employed to help correct the bite and improve the overall alignment of
the teeth.
Treatment Planning:
A thorough assessment of the patient's dental and skeletal
relationships is essential. This includes:
Cephalometric Analysis: To evaluate the
skeletal relationships and determine the extent of camouflage
needed.
Clinical Examination: To assess the dental
alignment, occlusion, and any functional issues.
Patient Preferences: Understanding the
patient's goals and preferences regarding treatment options.
Advantages of Camouflage
Non-Surgical Option: Camouflage provides a way to
improve dental alignment and aesthetics without the need for surgical
intervention, making it appealing to many patients.
Shorter Treatment Time: In some cases, camouflage can
lead to shorter treatment times compared to surgical options.
Improved Aesthetics: By enhancing the appearance of the
smile and occlusion, camouflage can significantly boost a patient's
confidence and satisfaction.
Limitations of Camouflage
Not a Permanent Solution: While camouflage can improve
aesthetics and function, it does not address the underlying skeletal
discrepancies, which may lead to long-term issues.
Potential for Relapse: Without proper retention, there
is a risk that the teeth may shift back to their original positions after
treatment.
Functional Complications: In some cases, camouflage may
not fully resolve functional issues related to the bite, leading to
potential discomfort or wear on the teeth.
Pleural effusion
General Pathology
Pleural effusion is a medical condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity which surrounds the lungs, making it hard to breathe.
Four main types of fluids can accumulate in the pleural space:
Serous fluid (hydrothorax)
Blood (hemothorax)
Lipid (chylothorax)
Pus (pyothorax or empyema)
Causes:
Pleural effusion can result from reasons such as:
Cancer, including lung cancer or breast cancer
Infection such as pneumonia or tuberculosis
Autoimmune disease such as lupus erythematosus
Heart failure
Bleeding, often due to chest trauma (hemothorax)
Low oncotic pressure of the blood plasma
lymphatic obstruction
Accidental infusion of fluids
Congestive heart failure, bacterial pneumonia and lung cancer constitute the vast majority of causes in the developed countries, although tuberculosis is a common cause in the developing world.
Diagnosis:
Gram stain and culture - identifies bacterial infections
Cell count and differential - differentiates exudative from transudative effusions
Cytology - identifies cancer cells, may also identify some infective organisms
Chemical composition including protein, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, pH and glucose - differentiates exudative from transudative effusions
Other tests as suggested by the clinical situation - lipids, fungal culture, viral culture, specific immunoglobulins
Types of microscopy used in bacteriology
General Microbiology
Types of microscopy used in bacteriology
Light microscopy
Phase contrast microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy
Darkfield microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Fluorescent microscopy in which ultraviolet rays are used to examine cells after treatment with fluorescent days.
Phase contrast microscope enhances the refractive index differences of the cell components. This microscopy can be used to reveal details of the internal structures as well as capsules, endospores and motility
Electron microscope The resolving power is more than 200 times that of light microscope.
Problems in Film Processing
Radiology
Common Problems in Film Processing
1. Light Radiographs
Causes:
Under Development:
Temperature too low
Time too short
Depleted developer solution
Under Exposure:
Insufficient milliamperage
Insufficient kVp
Insufficient exposure time
Film-source distance too great
Film packet reversed in the mouth
2. Dark Radiographs
Causes:
Over Development:
Temperature too high
Time too long
Accidental exposure to light
Improper safe lighting
Developer concentration too high
Over Exposure:
Excessive milliamperage
Excessive kVp
Excessive exposure time
Film-source distance too short
3. Insufficient Contrast
Causes:
Improper processing conditions (under or over development)
Depleted developer solution
Contaminated solutions
4. Film Fog
Causes:
Excessive kVp
Improper safe lighting
Light leaks in the darkroom
Contaminated developer solution
5. Dark Spots or Tines
Causes:
Contaminated solutions
Film contaminated with developer before processing
Film in contact with tank or another film during fixation
6. Light Spots
Causes:
Insufficient washing
Film contaminated with fixer before processing
Film in contact with tank or another film during development
7. Yellow or Brown Stains
Causes:
Insufficient washing after fixation
Depleted fixer solution
Contaminated solutions
8. Blurring
Causes:
Movement of the patient during exposure
Movement of the X-ray tube head
Double exposure
Misalignment of the X-ray tube head (cone cut)
9. Partial Images
Causes:
Top of film not immersed in developing solution
Film in contact with tank or another film during processing
10. Emulsion Peel
Causes:
Excessive bending of the film
Improper handling of the film
11. Static Discharge
Causes:
Static discharge to film before processing (results in dark lines
with a tree-like image)
12. Fingerprint Contamination
Causes:
Fingerprint contamination during handling of the film
13. Excessive Roller Pressure
Causes:
Excessive roller pressure during processing can lead to artifacts on
the film.