NEET MDS Synopsis
Dental Indices
Public Health Dentistry
Plaque index (PlI)
0 = No plaque in the gingival area.
1 = A thin film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent to the area of the tooth. The plaque is not readily visible, but is recognized by running a periodontal probe across the tooth surface.
2 = Moderate accumulation of plaque on the gingival margin, within the gingival pocket, and/or adjacent to the tooth surface, which can be observed visually.
3 = Abundance of soft matter within the gingival pocket and/or adjacent to the tooth surface.
Gingival index (GI)
0 = Healthy gingiva.
1= Mild inflammation: characterized by a slight change in color, edema. No bleeding observed on gentle probing.
2 = Moderate inflammation: characterized by redness, edema, and glazing. Bleeding on probing observed.
3 = Severe inflammation: characterized by marked redness and edema. Ulceration with a tendency toward spontaneous bleeding.
Modified gingival index (MGI)
0 = Absence of inflammation.
1 = Mild inflammation: characterized by a slight change in texture of any portion of, but not the entire marginal or papillary gingival unit.
2 = Mild inflammation: criteria as above, but involving the entire marginal or papillary gingival unit.
3 = Moderate inflammation: characterized by glazing, redness, edema, and/or hypertrophy of the marginal or papillary gingival unit.
4 = Severe inflammation: marked redness, edema, and/or hypertrophy of the marginal or papillary gingival unit, spontaneous bleeding, or ulceration.
Community periodontal index (CPI)
0 = Healthy gingiva.
1 = Bleeding observed after gentle probing or by visualization.
2 = Calculus felt during probing, but all of the black area of the probe remains visible (3.5-5.5 mm from ball tip).
3 = Pocket 4 or 5 mm (gingival margin situated on black area of probe, approximately 3.5-5.5 mm from the probe tip).
4 = Pocket > 6 mm (black area of probe is not visible).
Periodontal screening and recording (PSR)
0 = Healthy gingiva. Colored area of the probe remains visible, and no evidence of calculus or defective margins is detected.
1 = Colored area of the probe remains visible and no evidence of calculus or defective margins is detected, but bleeding on probing is noted.
2 = Colored area of the probe remains visible and calculus or defective margins is detected.
3 = Colored area of the probe remains partly visible (probe depth between 3.5-5.5 mm).
4 = Colored area of the probe completely disappears (probe depth > 5.5 mm).
Chloral hydrate
Pharmacology
Chloral hydrate
1. Short-acting sleep inducer—less risk of “hangover” effect the next day.
2. Little change on REM sleep.
3. Metabolized to trichloroethanol, an active metabolite; further metabolism inactivates the drug.
4. Used for conscious sedation in dentistry.
5. Can result in serious toxicity if the dose is not controlled.
Oxyphenbutazone
Pharmacology
Oxyphenbutazone: one of the metabolites of phenylbutazone. Apazone. Similar to phenylbutazone, but less likely to cause agranulocytosis
Hemothorax
Medicine
Hemothorax
collection of blood within the pleural space
Etiology
Penetrating or blunt trauma
Nontraumatic: malignancy, pulmonary embolism with infarction, TB, giant bullous emphysema
Clinical features
Dyspnea and diminished/absent breath sounds
Decreased tactile fremitus, dullness on percussion
Chest pain
Flat neck veins, hemorrhagic shock and respiratory distress in severe hemorrhage
Diagnostics
Chest x-ray : similar appearance to pleural effusion
Opacity
Blunting of the costophrenic angle
Tracheal deviation (mediastinal shift)
Ultrasound: detection of smaller amounts of fluid/blood than on chest x-ray possible
Treatment
Chest tube insertion into the 5th intercostal space at the midaxillary line
Thoracotomy indicated if Chest tube output > 1000 mL immediately after placement or 150–200 mL/hour for 2–4 hours
Multiple transfusions required
Complications: pleural empyema ; fibrothorax and trapped lung
A hemothorax, however small, must always be drained because blood in the pleural cavity will clot if not evacuated, resulting in a trapped lung or an empyema
Glomerulonephritis
General Pathology
Glomerulonephritis
Characterized by inflammation of the glomerulus.
Clinical manifestations:
Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) → Most often caused by glomerulonephritis.
Laboratory findings:
(i) Proteinuria (albuminuria) and lipiduria—proteins and lipids are present in urine.
(ii) Hypoalbuminemia—decreased serum albumin due to albuminuria.
(iii) Hyperlipidemia—especially an increase in plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol.
Symptoms
severe edema, resulting from a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure due to a decrease in serum albumin.
Junctional Epithelium
PeriodontologyJunctional Epithelium
The junctional epithelium (JE) is a critical component of the periodontal
tissue, playing a vital role in the attachment of the gingiva to the tooth
surface. Understanding its structure, function, and development is essential for
comprehending periodontal health and disease.
Structure of the Junctional Epithelium
Composition:
The junctional epithelium consists of a collar-like band of stratified
squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
This type of epithelium is designed to provide a barrier while
allowing for some flexibility and permeability.
Layer Thickness:
In early life, the junctional epithelium is approximately 3-4
layers thick.
As a person ages, the number of epithelial layers can increase
significantly, reaching 10 to 20 layers in older
individuals.
This increase in thickness may be a response to various factors,
including mechanical stress and inflammation.
Length:
The length of the junctional epithelium typically ranges from 0.25
mm to 1.35 mm.
This length can vary based on individual anatomy and periodontal
health.
Development of the Junctional Epithelium
The junctional epithelium is formed by the confluence of the
oral epithelium and the reduced enamel epithelium during the
process of tooth eruption.
This fusion is crucial for establishing the attachment of the gingiva to
the tooth surface, creating a seal that helps protect the underlying
periodontal tissues from microbial invasion.
Function of the Junctional Epithelium
Barrier Function: The junctional epithelium serves as a
barrier between the oral cavity and the underlying periodontal tissues,
helping to prevent the entry of pathogens.
Attachment: It provides a strong attachment to the
tooth surface, which is essential for maintaining periodontal health.
Regenerative Capacity: The junctional epithelium has a
high turnover rate, allowing it to regenerate quickly in response to injury
or inflammation.
Clinical Relevance
Periodontal Disease: Changes in the structure and
function of the junctional epithelium can be indicative of periodontal
disease. For example, inflammation can lead to increased permeability and
loss of attachment.
Healing and Repair: Understanding the properties of the
junctional epithelium is important for developing effective treatments for
periodontal disease and for managing healing after periodontal surgery.
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base
Biochemistry
Titration of a weak acid with a strong base
• A weak acid is mostly in its conjugate acid form
• When strong base is added, it removes protons from the solution, more and more acid is in the conjugate base form, and the pH increases
• When the moles of base added equals half the total moles of acid, the weak acid and its conjugate base are in equal amounts. The ratio of CB / WA = 1 and according to the HH equation, pH = pKa + log(1) or pH = pKa.
• If more base is added, the conjugate base form becomes greater till the equivalance point when all of the acid is in the conjugate base form.
FLUXING
Dental Materials
FLUXING
To prevent oxidation of gold alloys during melting always use a reducing flux .
Boric acid & borax are used .