NEET MDS Synopsis
Transient structures during tooth development
Dental Anatomy
Transient structures during tooth development
Enamel knot: Thickening of the internal dental epithelium at the center of the dental organ.
Enamel cord: Epithelial proliferation that seems to divide the dental organ in two.
Review the role of these two structures
Enamel niche: It is an artifact that is produced during section of the tissue. It occurs because the dental organ is a sheet of proliferating cells rather than a single strand. It looks like a concavity that contains ectomesenchyme.
Flucloxacillin
Pharmacology
Flucloxacillin, important even now for its resistance to beta-lactamases produced by bacteria such as Staphylococcus species. It is still no match for MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
The last in the line of true penicillins were the antipseudomonal penicillins, such as ticarcillin, useful for their activity against Gram-negative bacteria
Stages of anesthesia
Pharmacology
Stages of anesthesia
Stage I
Analgesia
Still conscious but drowsy
Stage II
Excitement stage
Loss of consciousness, however, irregular ventilation may be present which affects absorption of inhalation agents.
Reflexes may be exaggerated.
This is a very dangerous stage
Stage III
Surgical anesthesia
Loss of spontaneous movement
Regular, shallow respiration
Relaxation of muscles
Stage IV
Medullary paralysis
Death
Diclofenac
Pharmacology
Diclofenac
Short half life (1‐2 hrs), high 1stpass metab., accumulates in synovial fluid after oral admn., reduce inflammation, such as in arthritis or acute injury
Mechanism of action
inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). There is some evidence that diclofenac inhibits the lipooxygenase pathways, thus reducing formation of the
leukotrienes (also pro-inflammatory autacoids). There is also speculation that diclofenac may inhibit phospholipase A2 as part of its mechanism of action. These additional actions may explain the high potency of diclofenac - it is the most potent NSAID on a molar basis.
Inhibition of COX also decreases prostaglandins in the epithelium of the stomach, making it more sensitive to corrosion by gastric acid. This is also the main side effect of diclofenac and other drugs that are not selective for the COX2-isoenzyme.
Recent Advances
Conservative DentistryRecent Advances in Restorative DentistryRestorative dentistry has seen significant advancements in materials and
techniques that enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and aesthetic outcomes of
dental treatments. Below are some of the notable recent innovations in
restorative dentistry:
1. Teric Evoflow
A. Description
Type: Nano-optimized flow composite.
Characteristics:
Optimum Surface Affinity: Designed to adhere well
to tooth surfaces.
Penetration: Capable of penetrating into areas that
are difficult to reach, making it ideal for various restorative
applications.
B. Applications
Class V Restorations: Particularly suitable for Class V
cavities, which are often challenging due to their location and shape.
Extended Fissure Sealing: Effective for sealing deep
fissures in teeth to prevent caries.
Adhesive Cementation Techniques: Can be used as an
initial layer under medium-viscosity composites, enhancing the overall
bonding and restoration process.
2. GO
A. Description
Type: Super quick adhesive.
Characteristics:
Time Efficiency: Designed to save valuable chair
time during dental procedures.
Ease of Use: Fast application process, allowing for
quicker restorations without compromising quality.
B. Applications
Versatile Use: Suitable for various adhesive
applications in restorative dentistry, enhancing workflow efficiency.
3. New Optidisc
A. Description
Type: Finishing and polishing discs.
Characteristics:
Three-Grit System: Utilizes a three-grit system
instead of the traditional four, aimed at achieving a higher surface
gloss on restorations.
Extra Coarse Disc: An additional extra coarse disc
is available for gross removal of material before the finishing and
polishing stages.
B. Applications
Final Polish: Allows restorations to achieve a final
polish that closely resembles the natural dentition, improving aesthetic
outcomes and patient satisfaction.
4. Interval II Plus
A. Description
Type: Temporary filling material.
Composition: Made with glass ionomer and leachable
fluoride.
Packaging: Available in a convenient 5 gm syringe.
B. Characteristics
Dependable: A one-component, ready-mixed material that
simplifies the application process.
Safety: Safe to use on resin-based materials, as it
does not contain zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), which can interfere with bonding.
C. Applications
Temporary Restorations: Ideal for use in temporary
fillings, providing a reliable and effective solution for managing carious
lesions until permanent restorations can be placed.
Nerves of the Palate
AnatomyNerves of the Palate
The sensory nerves of the palate, which are branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, are the greater and lesser palatine nerves.
They accompany the arteries through the greater and lesser palatine foramina, respectively.
The greater palatine nerve supplies the gingivae, mucous membrane, and glands of the hard palate.
The lesser palatine nerve supplies the soft palate.
Another branch of the pterygopalatine ganglion, the nasopalatine nerve, emerges from the incisive foramen and supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the hard palate.
Vessels of the Palate
The palate has a rich blood supply from branches of the maxillary artery.
Important points about the periodontal pocket
PeriodontologySome important points about the periodontal pocket :
·Soft tissue of pocket wall shows both proliferative & degenerative changes
·Most severe degenerative changes are seen on the lateral wall of pocket
·Plasma cells are the predominant infiltrate (80%). Others include lymphocytes &
a scattering of PMNs
·Height of junctional epithelium shortened to only 50-100µm
·Severity of degenerative changes is not linked to pocket depth
·Junctional epithelium starts to lose attachment to tooth when PMN infiltration
in junctional epithelium increases above 60%.
Mucosal protective agents
Pharmacology
Mucosal protective agents.
These are locally active agents that help heal gastric and duodenal ulcers by forming a protective barrier between the ulcers and gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts. They do not alter the secretion of gastric acid. These drugs include sucralfate and colloid bismuth compounds. (e.g. tripotassium, dicitratobismuthate). Colloidal bismuth compounds additionally exert bactericidal action against H.pylori. Also, Prostaglandins have both antisecretory and mucosal protective effects.
Example: Misoprostol- used for prevention of NSAID – induced ulcer.
- Drugs that exert antimicrobial action against H.pylori such as amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin and tetracycline are included in the anti-ulcer treatment regimens.