NEET MDS Shorts
196530
General MicrobiologyThe Paul-Bunnel test is a classic heterophile antibody test used to diagnose infectious mononucleosis, primarily caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It detects heterophile antibodies that are typically present in patients with this condition. While ELISA and other tests can also be used, the Paul-Bunnel test is historically significant and widely recognized for this diagnosis.
472393
General MicrobiologyThe typical microscopic finding in amoebic dysentery includes numerous pus cells and abundant Charcot-Leyden crystals.
222311
General MicrobiologyEndotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are released when the bacteria die or divide. This structural characteristic differentiates them from exotoxins, which are secreted by living bacteria.
241809
General MicrobiologyThe oxidase test is based on the presence of cytochrome c oxidase in bacteria. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of certain substrates, leading to a color change in the test medium, which indicates a positive result for oxidase activity.
277431
General MicrobiologyAdoptive immunization involves the transfer of readymade immune cells, such as antibodies, from a donor to a recipient. Tetanus immunization is typically achieved through active immunization with the tetanus toxoid, which induces the body to produce its own antibodies against the tetanus toxin. Passive immunization, on the other hand, is achieved by injecting tetanus antitoxin, which provides immediate but temporary protection by neutralizing the toxin in the recipients body. The statement is incorrect because tetanus toxoid is used for active immunization, not adoptive immunization.
800065
General Microbiologythe unique feature of S. gallinarum-pullorum compared to other Salmonella species is that it is always nonmotile. This is in contrast to the typical motility of Salmonella species, which is conferred by the presence of flagella.
659439
General MicrobiologyPrions are infectious proteins that are highly resistant to destruction by proteases and other methods that typically degrade proteins. This resistance is what allows them to persist in the host and cause disease. They do not contain nucleic acid, which is a hallmark of other types of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
131418
General MicrobiologyThe typical clinical features of typhoid fever can be listed as follows:
1. High fever, bradycardia, and a palpable spleen: Typhoid fever is
characterized by a sustained high fever, often reaching 103°F to 104°F (39°C to
40°C). Bradycardia, or a slower than normal heart rate, occurs in some cases.
The spleen may also become enlarged and palpable due to the infection.
2. Rash, joint pain, and respiratory symptoms: Some patients may develop a rash
known as "Rose spots," which are small, red spots on the abdomen and chest.
Joint pain can occur, and respiratory symptoms may include a dry cough.
3. Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting: Diarrhea and severe abdominal
cramps are common in the early stages of typhoid fever, which can lead to
significant dehydration and discomfort for the patient.
4. Headache, photophobia, and neck stiffness: Headaches and sensitivity to light
(photophobia) are often present, and in severe cases, neck stiffness can occur
due to inflammation of the meninges, known as meningitis.