958567

80 - 100 % so nearly 100 -- 75 % also equally correct

360694

Diphtheria serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous
membranes of the nose and throat.

Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after a person becomes
infected. Signs and symptoms may include:

A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
A sore throat and hoarseness
Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Nasal discharge
Fever and chills
Tiredness

Skin (cutaneous) diphtheria
A second type of diphtheria can affect the skin, causing pain, redness and
swelling similar to other bacterial skin infections. Ulcers covered by a gray
membrane also may be a sign of skin diphtheria.

717623

Lactobacillus is an acidogenic genus found in deep dental caries, that often increases significantly in
the saliva during periods of caries activity

156257

There are some enzymes that cause protein to coagulate rather than to produce simpler compund These are known as lab enzymes

1. Coagulase:

Definition: Coagulase is an enzyme produced by certain
bacteria, most notably Staphylococcus aureus. It catalyzes the
conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (an
insoluble protein), leading to the clotting of blood.
Function: The production of coagulase is a virulence
factor for Staphylococcus aureus, as it helps the bacteria evade
the host's immune system by forming a protective clot around the bacterial
cells. This clot can shield the bacteria from phagocytosis and other immune
responses.
Clinical Relevance: Coagulase is used in laboratory
tests to differentiate between pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive)
and non-pathogenic staphylococci (coagulase-negative).

2. Proteolytic Enzymes:

Definition: Proteolytic enzymes, also known as
proteases or peptidases, are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of proteins
into smaller peptides or amino acids by cleaving the peptide bonds between
amino acids.
Function: These enzymes play crucial roles in various
biological processes, including digestion, protein turnover, cell signaling,
and immune responses. They are found in many organisms, including humans,
where they are involved in the digestion of dietary proteins in the stomach
and small intestine.
Types: Proteolytic enzymes can be classified based on
their mechanism of action (e.g., serine proteases, cysteine proteases,
aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases) and their substrate specificity.

Wenmycin is an antibiotic that is derived from the
bacterium Streptomyces wenyangensis. It belongs to the class of
compounds known as macrolide antibiotics, which are
characterized by their large lactone ring structure. Wenmycin has been studied
for its antimicrobial properties, particularly against certain types of
bacteria.

267610

402725

Incubation period: This term is typically used for
infectious diseases and refers to the time between exposure to the
infectious agent and the onset of symptoms.


Serial interval: This refers to the time between
successive cases in a chain of transmission, specifically in infectious
diseases.


Latent period: This is the time from the initiation of
the disease process (or exposure to a risk factor) until the disease is
detectable or until symptoms appear. In non-infectious diseases, this period
can be significant, as the disease may be developing without any noticeable
symptoms.


Lag time: This term can refer to various delays in
processes but is not specifically defined in the context of disease
initiation and detection.

541056

Infectious hepatitis (Hepatitis A virus): While HAV is
resistant to some environmental conditions, it is generally less resistant
than HBV.


Mumps virus: This is an enveloped virus and is not
particularly resistant to environmental factors.


Influenza virus: This is also an enveloped virus and is
susceptible to heat and many disinfectants.


Serum hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus): HBV is known for
its resilience. It can survive outside the body for long periods and is
resistant to many disinfectants and physical agents, making it one of the
more resistant viruses.


In summary, the correct answer is indeed 4. serum hepatitis
(Hepatitis B virus), as it is more resistant to chemical and physical
agents 

659048

The most efficient method of sterilization in dental practice is moist heat at 121°C for 20 min