Spray Particles

Spray Particles in the Dental Operatory
1. Aerosols
Aerosols are composed of invisible particles that range in size from
approximately 5 micrometers (µm) to 50 micrometers (µm).
Characteristics

Suspension: Aerosols can remain suspended in the air
for extended periods, often for hours, depending on environmental
conditions.
Transmission of Infection: Because aerosols can carry
infectious agents, they pose a risk for the transmission of respiratory
infections, including those caused by bacteria and viruses.

Clinical Implications

Infection Control: Dental professionals must implement
appropriate infection control measures, such as the use of personal
protective equipment (PPE) and effective ventilation systems, to minimize
exposure to aerosols.

2. Mists

Mists are visible droplets that are larger than aerosols, typically estimated to
be around 50 micrometers (µm) in diameter.
Characteristics

Visibility: Mists can be seen in a beam of light,
making them distinguishable from aerosols.
Settling Time: Heavy mists tend to settle gradually
from the air within 5 to 15 minutes after being generated.

Clinical Implications

Infection Risk: Mists produced by patients with
respiratory infections, such as tuberculosis, can transmit pathogens. Dental
personnel should be cautious and use appropriate protective measures when
treating patients with known respiratory conditions.

3. Spatter

Spatter consists of larger particles, generally greater than 50 micrometers
(µm), and includes visible splashes.
Characteristics

Trajectory: Spatter has a distinct trajectory and
typically falls within 3 feet of the patient’s mouth.
Potential for Coating: Spatter can coat the face and
outer garments of dental personnel, increasing the risk of exposure to
infectious agents.

Clinical Implications

Infection Pathways: Spatter or splashing onto mucosal
surfaces is considered a potential route of infection for dental personnel,
particularly concerning blood-borne pathogens.
Protective Measures: The use of face shields, masks,
and protective clothing is essential to minimize the risk of exposure to
spatter during dental procedures.

4. Droplets

Droplets are larger than aerosols and mists, typically ranging from 5 to 100
micrometers in diameter. They are formed during procedures that involve the use
of water or saliva, such as ultrasonic scaling or high-speed handpieces.
Characteristics

Size and Behavior: Droplets can be visible and may
settle quickly due to their larger size. They can travel short distances but
are less likely to remain suspended in the air compared to aerosols.
Transmission of Pathogens: Droplets can carry
pathogens, particularly during procedures that generate saliva or blood.

Clinical Implications

Infection Control: Droplets can pose a risk for
respiratory infections, especially in procedures involving patients with
known infections. Proper PPE, including masks and face shields, is essential
to minimize exposure.

5. Dust Particles
Dust particles are tiny solid particles that can be generated from various
sources, including the wear of dental materials, the use of rotary instruments,
and the handling of dental products.
Characteristics

Size: Dust particles can vary in size but are generally
smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.
Sources: They can originate from dental materials, such
as composite resins, ceramics, and metals, as well as from the environment.

Clinical Implications

Respiratory Risks: Inhalation of dust particles can
pose respiratory risks to dental personnel. Effective ventilation and the
use of masks can help reduce exposure.
Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may have allergic
reactions to specific dust particles, particularly those derived from dental
materials.

6. Bioaerosols
Bioaerosols are airborne particles that contain living organisms or
biological materials, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and allergens.
Characteristics

Composition: Bioaerosols can include a mixture of
aerosols, droplets, and dust particles that carry viable microorganisms.
Sources: They can be generated during dental
procedures, particularly those that involve the manipulation of saliva,
blood, or infected tissues.

Clinical Implications

Infection Control: Bioaerosols pose a significant risk
for the transmission of infectious diseases. Implementing strict infection
control protocols, including the use of high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) filters and proper PPE, is crucial.
Monitoring Air Quality: Regular monitoring of air
quality in the dental operatory can help assess the presence of bioaerosols
and inform infection control practices.

7. Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate matter (PM) refers to a mixture of solid particles and liquid
droplets suspended in the air. In the dental context, it can include a variety
of particles generated during procedures.
Characteristics

Size Categories: PM is often categorized by size,
including PM10 (particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less) and
PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less).
Sources: In a dental setting, PM can originate from
dental materials, equipment wear, and environmental sources.

Clinical Implications

Health Risks: Exposure to particulate matter can have
adverse health effects, particularly for individuals with respiratory
conditions. Proper ventilation and air filtration systems can help mitigate
these risks.
Regulatory Standards: Dental practices may need to
adhere to local regulations regarding air quality and particulate matter
levels.