NEET MDS Synopsis
Denture Cleansers
Dental Materials
Denture Cleansers
Use - for removal of soft debris by light brushing and then rinsing of denture; hard deposits require professional repolishing
a. Alkaline perborates-do not remove bad stains; may harm liners .
b. Alkaline peroxides-harmful to denture liners
c. Alkaline hypochlorites-may cause bleaching, corrode base-metal alloys, and leave residual taste on appliance
d. Dilute acids-may corrode base-metal alloys
e. Abrasive powders and creams-can abrade denture surfaces
Denture cleaning Method
a. Full dentures without soft liners-immerse denture in solution of one part 5% sodium hypochlorite in three parts of water
b. Full or partial dentures without soft-liners immerse denture in solution of 1 teaspoon of hypochlorite with 2 teaspoons of glassy phosphate in a half of a glass of water
c. Lined dentures -- clean any soft liner with a cotton swab and cold water while cleaning the denture with a soft brush
Properties
1. Chemical-can swell plastic surfaces or corrode metal frameworks
2. Mechanical-can scratch the surfaces of denture bases or denture teeth
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and the way they interact with living systems. Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs in humans.
A drug is any chemical that can effect living processes.
Therapeutics: the medical use of drugs.
An ideal drug has several important properties. Three of these properties are of utmost importance: effectiveness, safety and selectivity.
Effectiveness: This is the most important quality that a drug can have. Effectiveness refers to the drug's ability to do what it is supposed to do.
Safety: Although no drug can be totally safe, proper usage can lessen the risks of adverse effects.
Selectivity: A truly selective drug would have no side effects, and would effect only the body process' for which it is designed and given. Therefore, there is no such thing as a selective drug.
Pharmacokinetics: The way the body deals with a drug. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Pharmacodynamics: What a drug does to the body.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are two of the processes that determine how a person will respond to a drug. Other factors include how a drug is administered (dose, route, and timing of administration), interactions with other drugs, and individual physiological variables (weight, age, function of body systems).
Ridge Augmentation
Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryRidge Augmentation Procedures
Ridge augmentation procedures are surgical techniques used to increase the
volume and density of the alveolar ridge in the maxilla and mandible. These
procedures are often necessary to prepare the site for dental implants,
especially in cases where there has been significant bone loss due to factors
such as tooth extraction, periodontal disease, or trauma. Ridge augmentation can
also be performed in conjunction with orthognathic surgery to enhance the
overall facial structure and support dental rehabilitation.
Indications for Ridge Augmentation
Insufficient Bone Volume: To provide adequate support
for dental implants.
Bone Resorption: Following tooth extraction or due to
periodontal disease.
Facial Aesthetics: To improve the contour of the jaw
and facial profile.
Orthognathic Surgery: To enhance the results of jaw
repositioning procedures.
Types of Graft Materials Used
Ridge augmentation can be performed using various graft materials, which can
be classified into the following categories:
Autografts:
Bone harvested from the patient’s own
body, typically from intraoral sites (e.g., chin, ramus) or extraoral
sites (e.g., iliac crest).
Advantages: High biocompatibility, osteogenic
potential, and lower risk of rejection or infection.
Disadvantages: Additional surgical site, potential
for increased morbidity, and limited availability.
Allografts:
Bone grafts obtained from a human donor
(cadaveric bone) that have been processed and sterilized.
Advantages: No additional surgical site required,
readily available, and can provide a scaffold for new bone growth.
Disadvantages: Risk of disease transmission and
potential for immune response.
Xenografts:
Bone grafts derived from a different
species, commonly bovine (cow) bone.
Advantages: Biocompatible and provides a scaffold
for bone regeneration.
Disadvantages: Potential for immune response and
slower resorption compared to autografts.
Alloplasts:
Synthetic materials used for bone
augmentation, such as hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, or bioactive
glass.
Advantages: No risk of disease transmission,
customizable, and can be designed to promote bone growth.
Disadvantages: May not integrate as well as natural
bone and can have variable resorption rates.
Surgical Techniques
Bone Grafting:
The selected graft material is placed in the deficient area of the
ridge to promote new bone formation. This can be done using various
techniques, including:
Onlay Grafting: Graft material is placed on top
of the existing ridge.
Inlay Grafting: Graft material is placed within
the ridge.
Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR):
A barrier membrane is placed over the graft material to prevent soft
tissue infiltration and promote bone healing. This technique is often
used in conjunction with grafting.
Sinus Lift:
In the maxilla, a sinus lift procedure may be performed to augment
the bone in the posterior maxilla by elevating the sinus membrane and
placing graft material.
Combination with Orthognathic Surgery:
Ridge augmentation can be performed simultaneously with orthognathic
surgery to correct skeletal discrepancies and enhance the overall facial
structure.
Blood Transfusions
PhysiologyBlood Transfusions
Some of these units ("whole blood") were transfused directly into patients (e.g., to replace blood lost by trauma or during surgery).
Most were further fractionated into components, including:
RBCs. When refrigerated these can be used for up to 42 days.
platelets. These must be stored at room temperature and thus can be saved for only 5 days.
plasma. This can be frozen and stored for up to a year.
safety of donated blood
A variety of infectious agents can be present in blood.
viruses (e.g., HIV-1, hepatitis B and C, HTLV, West Nile virus
bacteria like the spirochete of syphilis
protozoans like the agents of malaria and babesiosis
prions (e.g., the agent of variant Crueutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
and could be transmitted to recipients. To minimize these risks,
donors are questioned about their possible exposure to these agents;
each unit of blood is tested for a variety of infectious agents.
Most of these tests are performed with enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and detect antibodies against the agents. blood is now also checked for the presence of the RNA of these RNA viruses:
HIV-1
hepatitis C
West Nile virus
by the so-called nucleic acid-amplification test (NAT).
TetricEvoFlow
PedodonticsTetricEvoFlow
TetricEvoFlow is an advanced nano-optimized flowable composite developed by
Ivoclar Vivadent, designed to enhance dental restorations with its superior
properties. As the successor to Tetric Flow, it offers several key benefits:
Optimum Surface Affinity: TetricEvoFlow exhibits
excellent adhesion to tooth structures, ensuring a reliable bond and
minimizing the risk of microleakage.
Penetration into Difficult Areas: Its flowable nature
allows it to reach and fill even the most challenging areas, making it ideal
for intricate restorations.
Versatile Use: This composite can serve as an initial
layer beneath medium-viscosity composites, such as TetricEvoCeram, providing
a strong foundation for layered restorations.
Stability for Class V Restorations: TetricEvoFlow
maintains its stability when required, making it particularly suitable for
Class V restorations, where durability and aesthetics are crucial.
Extended Applications: In addition to its use in
restorations, TetricEvoFlow is effective for extended fissure sealing and
can be utilized in adhesive cementation techniques.
Test Question
NBDE TestNORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA
General Microbiology
NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA
A. Properties. Normal microbial flora describes the population of microorganisms that usually reside in the body. The microbiological flora can be defined as either
1) Resident flora - A relatively fixed population that will repopulate if disturbed,
2) Transient flora - that are derived from the local environment. These microbes usually reside in the body without invasion and can
even prevent infection by more pathogenic organisms, a phenomenon known as bacterial interference.
The flora have commensal functions such as vitamin K synthesis. However, they may cause invasive disease in immunocompromised hosts or if displaced from their normal area.
B. Location. Microbial flora differ in composition depending on their anatomical locations and microenvironments. The distribution of normal microbial flora.
PHOSPHORUS
Biochemistry
PHOSPHORUS
Serum level of phosphate is 3-4 mg/dl for adults and 5-6 mg/dl in children. Consumption of calcitriol increases phosphate absorption.
Functions of phosphorus
(a) Plays key role in formation of tooth and bone
(b) Production of high energy phosphate compounds such as ATP, CTP, GTP etc.,
(c) Synthesis of nucleotide co-enzymes such as NAD and NADP
(d) Formation of phosphodiester backbone structure for DNA and RNA synthesis
Hypophosphatemia is the condition which leads to decrease in absorption of phosphorus. it leads to hypercalcamia
Hyperphosphatemia, increase in absorption of phosphate was noticed. Hyperphosphatemia leads to cell lysis, hypocalcemia and thyrotoxicosis.