NEET MDS Synopsis
ENDODONTICS INTRACANAL MEDICAMENTS IN ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
Endodontics
Maxillary First Deciduous Molar
Dental Anatomy
Maxillary First Deciduous Molar.
-The notation is B or I.
-It looks a bit like an upper 1st premolar.
-There are three roots.
-It has a strong bulbous enamel bulge that protrudes buccally at the mesial.
-It is the smallest of the deciduous molars in crown height and in the mesiodistal dimension.
Public health Dentistry
Public Health Dentistry
Terms
Health—state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being where basic human needs are met. not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; free from disease or pain
Public health — science and art of preventing disease. prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts
1. Public health is concerned with the aggregate health of a group, a community, a state, a nation. or a group of nations
2. Public health is people’s health
3. Concerned with four broad areas
a. Lifestyle and behavior
b. The environment
c. Human biology
d. The organization of health programs and systems
Dental public health—science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts; that form of dental practice that serves the community as a patient rather than the individual; concerned with the dental education of the public, with applied dental research, and with the administration of group dental care programs. as well as the prevention and control of dental diseases on a community basis
Community health—same as public health full range of health services, environmental and personal, including major activities such as health education of the public and the social context of life as it affects the community; efforts that are organized to promote and restore the health and quality of life of the people
Community dental health services are directed to ward developing, reinforcing, and enhancing the oral health status of people either as individuals or collectively as groups and communities
Child Psychology
PedodonticsTheories of Child Psychology
Child psychology encompasses a variety of theories that explain how children
develop emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally. These theories can be
broadly classified into two main groups: psychodynamic theories and theories of
learning and development of behavior. Additionally, Margaret S. Mahler's theory
of development offers a unique perspective on child development.
I. Psychodynamic Theories
Psychosexual Theory / Psychoanalytical Theory (Sigmund Freud,
1905):
Overview: Freud's theory posits that childhood
experiences significantly influence personality development and
behavior. He proposed that children pass through a series of
psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) where
the focus of pleasure shifts to different erogenous zones.
Key Concepts:
Id, Ego, Superego: The id represents primal
desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the
superego embodies moral standards.
Fixation: If a child experiences conflicts
during any stage, they may become fixated, leading to specific
personality traits in adulthood.
Psychosocial Theory / Model of Personality Development (Erik
Erikson, 1963):
Overview: Erikson expanded on Freud's ideas by
emphasizing social and cultural influences on development. He proposed
eight stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a
central conflict that must be resolved for healthy personality
development.
Key Stages:
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age)
Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
Cognitive Theory (Jean Piaget, 1952):
Overview: Piaget's theory focuses on the cognitive
development of children, proposing that they actively construct
knowledge through interactions with their environment. He identified
four stages of cognitive development.
Stages:
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Knowledge through sensory
experiences and motor actions.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Development of language and
symbolic thinking, but egocentric and intuitive reasoning.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Logical thinking about
concrete events; understanding of conservation and reversibility.
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up): Abstract reasoning
and hypothetical thinking.
II. Theories of Learning and Development of Behavior
Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow, 1954):
Overview: Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs that
motivates human behavior. He suggested that individuals must satisfy
lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs.
Levels:
Physiological Needs (food, water, shelter)
Safety Needs (security, stability)
Love and Belongingness Needs (relationships, affection)
Esteem Needs (self-esteem, recognition)
Self-Actualization (realizing personal potential)
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura, 1963):
Overview: Bandura emphasized the role of
observational learning, imitation, and modeling in behavior development.
He proposed that children learn behaviors by observing others and the
consequences of those behaviors.
Key Concepts:
Reciprocal Determinism: Behavior, personal
factors, and environmental influences interact to shape learning.
Bobo Doll Experiment: Demonstrated that
children imitate aggressive behavior observed in adults.
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov, 1927):
Overview: Pavlov's theory focuses on learning
through association. He demonstrated that a neutral stimulus, when
paired with an unconditioned stimulus, can elicit a conditioned
response.
Example: Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate at the
sound of a bell when it was associated with food.
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner, 1938):
Overview: Skinner's theory emphasizes learning
through consequences. Behaviors followed by reinforcement are more
likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less
likely to occur.
Key Concepts:
Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a
behavior (positive or negative).
Punishment: Decreases the likelihood of a
behavior (positive or negative).
III. Margaret S. Mahler’s Theory of Development
Overview: Mahler's theory focuses on the psychological
development of infants and young children, particularly the process of
separation-individuation. She proposed that children go through stages as
they develop a sense of self and differentiate from their primary caregiver.
Key Stages:
Normal Autistic Phase: Birth to 2 months; the
infant is primarily focused on internal stimuli.
Normal Symbiotic Phase: 2 to 5 months; the infant
begins to recognize the caregiver but does not differentiate between
self and other.
Separation-Individuation Phase: 5 to 24 months; the
child starts to separate from the caregiver and develop a sense of
individuality through exploration and interaction with the environment.
Derivatives of pharyngeal pouches
Anatomy
First pouch
Auditory tube, which comes in contact
with epithelial line of first pharyngeal
cleft, where future external acoustic
meatus will form.
Distal portion will form tympanic
cavity (lining will become eardrum)
Proximal portion will become auditory tube
Second pouch
Forms buds that penetrate surrounding
mesenchyme, which together form the
palatine tonsils
Third pouch
Forms thymus and inferior parathyroid
glands
Fourth pouch
Forms superior parathyroid glands
Fifth pouch
Forms utlimobranchial body
The developing tooth bud -Cap stage
Dental Anatomy
Cap stage
The first signs of an arrangement of cells in the tooth bud occur in the cap stage. A small group of ectomesenchymal cells stops producing extracellular substances, which results in an aggregation of these cells called the dental papilla. At this point, the tooth bud grows around the ectomesenchymal aggregation, taking on the appearance of a cap, and becomes the enamel (or dental) organ. A condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called the dental follicle surrounds the enamel organ and limits the dental papilla. Eventually, the enamel organ will produce enamel, the dental papilla will produce dentin and pulp, and the dental follicle will produce all the supporting structures of a tooth
Lymphopenia
General Pathology
Lymphopenia:
Causes
-As part of pancytopenia.
-Steroid administration.
Polycarbonate Crowns
PedodonticsPolycarbonate Crowns in Pedodontics
Polycarbonate crowns are commonly used in pediatric dentistry, particularly
for managing anterior teeth affected by nursing bottle caries. These crowns
serve as temporary fixed prostheses for primary teeth, providing a functional
and aesthetic solution until the natural teeth exfoliate. This lecture will
discuss the indications, contraindications, and advantages of polycarbonate
crowns in pedodontic practice.
Nursing Bottle Caries
Definition: Nursing bottle caries, also known as early
childhood caries, is a condition characterized by the rapid demineralization
of the anterior teeth, primarily affecting the labial surfaces.
Progression: The lesions begin on the labial face of
the anterior teeth and can lead to extensive demineralization, affecting the
entire surface of the teeth.
Management Goal: The primary objective is to stabilize
the lesions without attempting a complete reconstruction of the coronal
anatomy.
Treatment Approach
Preparation of the Lesion:
The first step involves creating a clean periphery around the
carious lesion using a small round bur.
Care should be taken to leave the central portion of the affected
dentin intact to avoid pulp exposure.
This preparation allows for effective ion exchange with glass
ionomer materials, facilitating a good seal.
Use of Polycarbonate Crowns:
Polycarbonate crowns are indicated as temporary crowns for deciduous
anterior teeth that will eventually exfoliate.
They provide a protective covering for the tooth while maintaining
aesthetics and function.
Contraindications for Polycarbonate Crowns
Polycarbonate crowns may not be suitable in certain situations, including:
Severe Bruxism: Excessive grinding can lead to
premature failure of the crown.
Deep Bite: A deep bite may cause undue stress on the
crown, leading to potential fracture or dislodgment.
Excessive Abrasion: High levels of wear can compromise
the integrity of the crown.
Advantages of Polycarbonate Crowns
Polycarbonate crowns offer several benefits in pediatric dentistry:
Time-Saving: The application of polycarbonate crowns is
relatively quick, making them efficient for both the clinician and the
patient.
Ease of Trimming: These crowns can be easily trimmed to
achieve the desired fit and contour.
Adjustability: They can be adjusted with pliers,
allowing for modifications to ensure proper seating and comfort for the
patient.