NEET MDS Synopsis
Pulpotomy
PedodonticsPulpotomy Techniques
Pulpotomy is a dental procedure performed to treat a tooth with a compromised
pulp, typically in primary teeth. The goal is to remove the diseased pulp tissue
while preserving the vitality of the remaining pulp. This procedure is commonly
indicated in cases of carious exposure or trauma.
Vital Pulpotomy Technique
The vital pulpotomy technique involves the removal of the coronal portion of
the pulp while maintaining the vitality of the radicular pulp. This technique
can be performed in a single sitting or in two stages.
1. Single Sitting Pulpotomy
Procedure: The entire pulpotomy procedure is completed
in one appointment.
Indications: This approach is often used when the pulp
is still vital and there is no significant infection or inflammation.
2. Two-Stage Pulpotomy
Procedure: The pulpotomy is performed in two
appointments. The first appointment involves the removal of the coronal
pulp, and the second appointment focuses on the placement of a medicament
and final restoration.
Indications: This method is typically used when there
is a need for further evaluation of the pulp condition or when there is a
risk of infection.
Medicaments Used in Pulpotomy
Several materials can be used during the pulpotomy procedure, particularly in
the two-stage approach. These include:
Formocresol:
A commonly used medicament for pulpotomy, formocresol has both
antiseptic and devitalizing properties.
It is applied to the remaining pulp tissue after the coronal pulp is
removed.
Electrosurgery:
This technique uses electrical current to remove the pulp tissue and
can help achieve hemostasis.
It is often used in conjunction with other materials for effective
pulp management.
Laser:
Laser technology can be employed for pulpotomy, providing precise
removal of pulp tissue with minimal trauma to surrounding structures.
Lasers can also promote hemostasis and reduce postoperative
discomfort.
Devitalizing Pastes
In addition to the above techniques, various devitalizing pastes can be used
during the pulpotomy procedure:
Gysi Triopaste:
A devitalizing paste that can be used to manage pulp tissue during
the pulpotomy procedure.
Easlick’s Formaldehyde:
A formaldehyde-based paste that serves as a devitalizing agent,
often used in pulpotomy procedures.
Paraform Devitalizing Paste:
Another devitalizing agent that can be applied to the pulp tissue to
facilitate the pulpotomy process.
Dermatomes of the lower limb
Anatomy
Dermatome
Area supplied
L1
Inguinal area (over inguinal canal).
L2
Anterior and Lateral part of Upper 2/3rdof thigh.
L.3
Anterior, Lateral & Medial part of Lower 1I3'd of thigh and knee.
L4
Medial side of leg.
L5
Lateral side of leg, Medial half of dorsum of foot, first web space.
SI
Posterior surface of ankle, and lateral half of dorsum of foot.
S2
Posterior of thigh and leg.
S3
Gluteal area around perianal region, Groin.
S4
Perianal skin &Groin.
TetricEvoFlow
PedodonticsTetricEvoFlow
TetricEvoFlow is an advanced nano-optimized flowable composite developed by
Ivoclar Vivadent, designed to enhance dental restorations with its superior
properties. As the successor to Tetric Flow, it offers several key benefits:
Optimum Surface Affinity: TetricEvoFlow exhibits
excellent adhesion to tooth structures, ensuring a reliable bond and
minimizing the risk of microleakage.
Penetration into Difficult Areas: Its flowable nature
allows it to reach and fill even the most challenging areas, making it ideal
for intricate restorations.
Versatile Use: This composite can serve as an initial
layer beneath medium-viscosity composites, such as TetricEvoCeram, providing
a strong foundation for layered restorations.
Stability for Class V Restorations: TetricEvoFlow
maintains its stability when required, making it particularly suitable for
Class V restorations, where durability and aesthetics are crucial.
Extended Applications: In addition to its use in
restorations, TetricEvoFlow is effective for extended fissure sealing and
can be utilized in adhesive cementation techniques.
Blood
PhysiologyBlood is a liquid tissue. Suspended in the watery plasma are seven types of cells and cell fragments.
red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes
platelets or thrombocytes
five kinds of white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes
Three kinds of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Two kinds of leukocytes without granules in their cytoplasm
lymphocytes
monocytes
Bases
Conservative DentistryBases in Restorative DentistryBases are an essential component in restorative dentistry, serving as a
thicker layer of material placed beneath restorations to provide additional
protection and support to the dental pulp and surrounding structures. Below is
an overview of the characteristics, objectives, and types of bases used in
dental practice.
1. Characteristics of BasesA. Thickness
Typical Thickness: Bases are generally thicker than
liners, typically ranging from 1 to 2 mm. Some bases may be
around 0.5 to 0.75 mm thick.
B. Functions
Thermal Protection: Bases provide thermal insulation to
protect the pulp from temperature changes that can occur during and after
the placement of restorations.
Mechanical Support: They offer supplemental mechanical
support for the restoration by distributing stress on the underlying dentin
surface. This is particularly important during procedures such as amalgam
condensation, where forces can be applied to the restoration.
2. Objectives of Using BasesThe choice of base material and its application depend on the Remaining
Dentin Thickness (RDT), which is a critical factor in determining the
need for a base:
RDT > 2 mm: No base is required, as there is sufficient
dentin to protect the pulp.
RDT 0.5 - 2 mm: A base is indicated, and the choice of
material depends on the restorative material being used.
RDT < 0.5 mm: Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) or Mineral
Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) should be used to promote the formation of
reparative dentin, as the remaining dentin is insufficient to provide
adequate protection.
3. Types of BasesA. Common Base Materials
Zinc Phosphate (ZnPO₄): Known for its good mechanical
properties and thermal insulation.
Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC): Provides thermal protection
and releases fluoride, which can help in preventing caries.
Zinc Polycarboxylate: Offers good adhesion to tooth
structure and provides thermal insulation.
B. Properties
Mechanical Protection: Bases distribute stress
effectively, reducing the risk of fracture in the restoration and protecting
the underlying dentin.
Thermal Insulation: Bases are poor conductors of heat
and cold, helping to maintain a stable temperature at the pulp level.
Glomerulonephritis
General Pathology
Glomerulonephritis
Characterized by inflammation of the glomerulus.
Clinical manifestations:
Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) → Most often caused by glomerulonephritis.
Laboratory findings:
(i) Proteinuria (albuminuria) and lipiduria—proteins and lipids are present in urine.
(ii) Hypoalbuminemia—decreased serum albumin due to albuminuria.
(iii) Hyperlipidemia—especially an increase in plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol.
Symptoms
severe edema, resulting from a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure due to a decrease in serum albumin.
Loperamide
Pharmacology
Loperamide
Similar chemically and pharmacologically to Diphenoxylate.
Slows gastrointestinal motility by effects on the circular and longitudinal muscles of the intestine.
Not well absorbed following oral administration.
Useful in the treatment of diarrhea.
Muscles Around the Nose
AnatomyMuscles Around the Nose
The Nasalis Muscle
This muscle consists of a transverse (compressor naris) and alar (dilator naris) parts.
It is supplied by the buccal branch of the facial nerve.