NEET MDS Synopsis
Sub-Stages of Adolescence
PedodonticsThree Sub-Stages of Adolescence
Adolescence is a critical developmental period characterized by significant
physical, emotional, and social changes. It is typically divided into three
sub-stages: early adolescence, middle adolescence, and late adolescence. Each
sub-stage has distinct characteristics that influence the development of
identity, social relationships, and behavior.
Sub-Stages of Adolescence
1. Early Adolescence (Approximately Ages 10-13)
Characteristics:
Casting Off of Childhood Role: This stage marks the
transition from childhood to adolescence. Children begin to distance
themselves from their childhood roles and start to explore their
emerging identities.
Physical Changes: Early physical development
occurs, including the onset of puberty, which brings about changes in
body shape, size, and secondary sexual characteristics.
Cognitive Development: Adolescents begin to think
more abstractly and critically, moving beyond concrete operational
thinking.
Emotional Changes: Increased mood swings and
emotional volatility are common as adolescents navigate their new
feelings and experiences.
Social Changes: There is a growing interest in peer
relationships, and friendships may begin to take on greater importance
- Exploration of Interests: Early adolescents often
start to explore new interests and hobbies, which can lead to the
formation of new social groups.
2. Middle Adolescence (Approximately Ages 14-17)
Characteristics:
Participation in Teenage Subculture: This stage is
characterized by a deeper involvement in peer groups and the teenage
subculture, where social acceptance and belonging become paramount.
Identity Formation: Adolescents actively explore
different aspects of their identity, including personal values, beliefs,
and future aspirations.
Increased Independence: There is a push for greater
autonomy from parents, leading to more decision-making and
responsibility.
Romantic Relationships: The exploration of romantic
relationships becomes more prominent, influencing social dynamics and
emotional experiences.
Risk-Taking Behavior: Middle adolescents may engage
in risk-taking behaviors as they seek to assert their independence and
test boundaries.
3. Late Adolescence (Approximately Ages 18-21)
Characteristics:
Emergence of Adult Behavior: Late adolescence is
marked by the transition into adulthood, where individuals begin to take
on adult roles and responsibilities.
Refinement of Identity: Adolescents solidify their
sense of self, integrating their experiences and values into a coherent
identity.
Future Planning: There is a focus on future goals,
including education, career choices, and long-term relationships.
Social Relationships: Relationships may become more
mature and stable, with a shift from peer-focused interactions to deeper
connections with family and romantic partners.
Cognitive Maturity: Cognitive abilities continue to
develop, leading to improved problem-solving skills and critical
thinking.
Dental Terms
Dental Anatomy
CONTACT POINT.:-The point on the proximal surface where two adjacent teeth actually touch each other is called a contact point.
INTERPROXIMAL SPACE.:-The interproximal space is the area between the teeth. Part of the interproximal space is occupied by the interdental papilla. The interdental papilla is a triangular fold of gingival tissue. The part of the interproximal space not occupied is called the embrasure.
EMBRASURE. :-The embrasure occupies an area bordered by interdental papilla, the proximal surfaces of the two adjacent teeth, and the contact point (fig 4-18). If there is no contact point between the teeth, then the area between them is called a diastema instead of an embrasure.
OCCLUSAL
The occlusal surface is the broad chewing surface found on posterior teeth (bicuspids and molars).
OCCLUSION.:-Occlusion is the relationship between the occlusal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular teeth when they are in contact. Many patterns of tooth contact are possible. Part of the reason for the variety is the mandibular condyle's substantial range of movement within the temporal mandibular joint.
Malocclusion occurs when any abnormality in occlusal relationships exist in the dentition. Centric occlusion, is the centered contact position of the chewing surfaces of mandibular teeth on the chewing surface (occlusal) of the maxillary teeth.
OCCLUSAL PLANE.:-Maxillary and mandibular teeth come into centric occlusion and meet along anteroposterior and lateral curves. The anteroposterior curve is called the Curve of Spee in which the mandibular arch forms a concave (a bowl-like upward curve). The lateral curve is called the Curve of Wilson . The composite (combination) of these curves form a line called the occlusal plane, and is created by the contact of the upper and lower teeth
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL OVERLAP. :-Vertical overlap is the extension of the maxillary teeth over the mandibular counterparts in a vertical direction when the dentition is in centric occlusion Horizontal overlap is the projection of maxillary teeth over antagonists (something that opposes another) in a horizontal direction.
KEY TO OCCLUSION.:-The occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth bear a definite relationship to each other. In normal jaw relations and when teeth are of normal size and in the correct position, the mesiofacial cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the facial groove of the mandibular first molar. This normal relationship of these two teeth is called the key to occlusion.
PERMANENT DENTITION
The permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth. Each tooth in the permanent dentition is described in this section. It should be remembered that teeth show considerable variation in size, shape, and other characteristics from one person to another. Certain teeth show a greater tendency than others to deviate from the normal. The descriptions that follow are of normal teeth.
Bone Graft Materials
PeriodontologyBone Graft Materials
Bone grafting is a critical procedure in periodontal and dental surgery,
aimed at restoring lost bone and supporting the regeneration of periodontal
tissues. Various materials can be used for bone grafting, each with unique
properties and applications.
A. Osseous Coagulum
Composition: Osseous coagulum is a mixture of bone dust
and blood. It is created using small particles ground from cortical bone.
Sources: Bone dust can be obtained from various
anatomical sites, including:
Lingual ridge of the mandible
Exostoses
Edentulous ridges
Bone distal to terminal teeth
Application: This material is used in periodontal
surgery to promote healing and regeneration of bone in areas affected by
periodontal disease.
B. Bioactive Glass
Composition: Bioactive glass consists of sodium and
calcium salts, phosphates, and silicon dioxide.
Function: It promotes bone regeneration by forming a
bond with surrounding bone and stimulating cellular activity.
C. HTR Polymer
Composition: HTR Polymer is a non-resorbable,
microporous, biocompatible composite made from polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA) and polyhydroxymethacrylate.
Application: This material is used in various dental
and periodontal applications due to its biocompatibility and structural
properties.
D. Other Bone Graft Materials
Sclera: Used as a graft material due to its collagen
content and biocompatibility.
Cartilage: Can be used in certain grafting procedures,
particularly in reconstructive surgery.
Plaster of Paris: Occasionally used in bone grafting,
though less common due to its non-biological nature.
Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials: These materials are
osteoconductive and promote bone healing.
Coral-Derived Materials: Natural coral can be processed
to create a scaffold for bone regeneration.
VITAMINS
Biochemistry
VITAMINS
Based on solubility Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble (lipid soluble) or water-soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble
Vitamin C and B is water soluble.
B-COMPLEX VITAMINS
Eight of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the vitamin B-complex group: thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate (folic acid), vitamin B12, biotin and pantothenic acid.
Fifth Generation:
Pharmacology
Fifth Generation:
These are extended spectrum antibiotics.
Ceftaroline, Ceftobiprole
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment
Conservative DentistryAtraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) is a minimally invasive approach to
dental cavity management and restoration. Developed as a response to the
limitations of traditional drilling and filling methods, ART aims to preserve as
much of the natural tooth structure as possible while effectively managing
caries. The technique was pioneered in the mid-1980s by Dr. Frencken in Tanzania
as a way to address the high prevalence of dental decay in a setting with
limited access to traditional dental equipment and materials. The term "ART" was
coined by Dr. McLean to reflect the gentle and non-traumatic nature of the
treatment.
ART involves the following steps:
1. Cleaning and Preparation: The tooth is cleaned with a hand instrument to
remove plaque and debris.
2. Moisture Control: The tooth is kept moist with a gel or paste to prevent
desiccation and maintain the integrity of the tooth structure.
3. Carious Tissue Removal: Soft, decayed tissue is removed manually with hand
instruments, without the use of rotary instruments or drills.
4. Restoration: The prepared cavity is restored with an adhesive material,
typically glass ionomer cement, which chemically bonds to the tooth structure
and releases fluoride to prevent further decay.
Indications for ART include:
- Small to medium-sized cavities in posterior teeth (molars and premolars).
- Decay in the initial stages that has not yet reached the dental pulp.
- Patients who may not tolerate or have access to traditional restorative
methods, such as those in remote or underprivileged areas.
- Children or individuals with special needs who may benefit from a less
invasive and less time-consuming approach.
- As part of a public health program focused on preventive and minimal
intervention dentistry.
Contraindications for ART include:
- Large cavities that extend into the pulp chamber or involve extensive tooth
decay.
- Presence of active infection, swelling, abscess, or fistula around the tooth.
- Teeth with poor prognosis or severe damage that require more extensive
treatment such as root canal therapy or extraction.
- Inaccessible cavities where hand instruments cannot effectively remove decay
or place the restorative material.
The ART technique is advantageous in several ways:
- It reduces the need for local anesthesia, as it is often painless.
- It preserves more of the natural tooth structure.
- It is less technique-sensitive and does not require advanced equipment.
- It is relatively quick and can be performed in a single visit.
- It is suitable for use in areas with limited resources and less developed
dental infrastructure.
- It reduces the risk of microleakage and secondary caries.
However, ART also has limitations, such as reduced longevity compared to amalgam
or composite fillings, especially in large restorations or high-stress areas,
and the need for careful moisture control during the procedure to ensure proper
bonding of the material. Additionally, ART is not recommended for all cases and
should be considered on an individual basis, taking into account the patient's
oral health status and the specific requirements of each tooth.
Tooth Polishing and Cleansing Agents
Dental Materials
Tooth Polishing and Cleansing Agents
1. Cleansing-removal of exogenous stains, pellicle, materia alba, and other oral debris without causing undue abrasion to tooth structure
2. Polishing-smoothening surfaces of amalgam, composite, glass ionomers, porcelain, and other restorative materials
Factors influencing cleaning and polishing
- Hardness of abrasive particles versus substrate
- Particle size of abrasive particles
- Pressure applied during procedure
- Temperature of abrasive materials
Structure
Composition
-contain abrasives, such as kaolinite, silicon dioxide, calcined magnesium silicate, diatomaceous silicon dioxide, pumice. Sodium-potassium
-aluminum silicate, or zirconium silicate; some pastes also may contain sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride, but they have never been shown to produce positive effects
Reactions-abrasion for cleansing and polishing
Properties - Mechanical
- Products with pumice and quartz produce more efficient cleansing but also generate greater abrasion of enamel and dentin
-Coarse pumice is the most abrasive
-The abrasion rate of dentin is 5 to 6 times faster than the abrasion rate of enamel, regardless of the product
-Polymeric restorative materials, such as denture bases, denture teeth, composites, PMMA veneers, and composite veneers, can be easily scratched during polishing
-Do not polish cast porcelain restorations (e.g., Dicor) that are externally characterized or the color will be lost
G-6 PD Deficiency
General Pathology
G-6 PD Deficiency
Occurs in Negroes, Mediterranean races, India and far East. It confers a protection Against falciparum malaria.
It is transmitted as X-linked trait of intermediate dominance (variable effect in homozygous females).
Haemolysis may be induced by :
• Primaquin and other anti malarials.
• Other drugs like chloramphenicol , analgesics, antitubercular drugs etc.
• Infections.
• Ingestion of Vicia faba bean (favism).
• Diabetic acidosis