MDS PREP
In which of the following conditions is the prevalence of nephrotic syndrome more common in children than in adults?
1) Membranous nephropathy
2) Minimal-change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Minimal-change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, with a prevalence of 65%. In contrast, it is less common in adults, affecting only 10% of cases.
Bronchiectasis is most common in which lobe
1) Right upper lobe
2) Right middle lobe
3) Left upper lobe
4) Left lower lobe
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Bronchiectasis is most common in the left lower lobe
What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Preventing the passage of red blood cells
2) Regulating ion transport
3) Preventing the passage of proteins
4) Maintaining the structure of the renal corpuscle
The GBM is a critical component of the glomerular filtration barrier that normally prevents the passage of proteins into the urine. In the nephrotic syndrome, there are alterations in the GBM that lead to increased permeability and loss of proteins, particularly albumin, into the glomerular filtrate.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Massive proteinuria
2) Hypoalbuminemia
3) Lipiduria
4) Neutrophiluria
The nephrotic syndrome includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia with lipiduria. Neutrophiluria, the presence of neutrophils in the urine, is not a typical feature of the nephrotic syndrome and is more associated with conditions like acute glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis.
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs
1) Beyond major bronchus
2) In alveolar region
3) Beyond terminal bronchioles
4) Beyond minor bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs beyond terminal bronchioles
Which of the following may result from chronic bronchitis?
1) Cor pulmonale
2) Increased airway resistance
3) Metaplasia and dysplasia of respiratory epithelium
4) All of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Chronic bronchitis may result in cor pulmonale, increased airway resistance, metaplasia and dysplasia of respiratory epithelium
In a patient with suspected myasthenia gravis, which of the following is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test?
1) Acetylcholine receptor antibody test
2) Tensilon (edrophonium) test
3) Repetitive nerve stimulation
4) Electromyogram (EMG)
The presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies in the serum is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis.
Cheyne-Strokes breathing may occur in
1) Severe heart failure
2) Normal persons during sleep at high altitude
3) Elder people
4) All
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Cheyne-Strokes breathing may occur in severe heart failure, normal persons during sleep at high altitude, and elder people