MDS PREP
Digoxin:
1) clearance is by the liver
2) increases conduction of the AV node
3) decreases the force of myocardial contraction
4) may cause atrial tachycardia in overdosage
General Medicine Answer: 4
Digoxin is a positive inotrope, hence it increases the force of myocardial contraction and may be effective in heart failure. It is a cardiac glycoside, which reduces the conductivity of the atrioventricular (AV) node and which may be used in atrial fibrillation.
Digoxin has a long half-life and is given once daily. It is cleared by the renal system and hence renal impairment requires the reduction of digoxin dose.
Arrhythmias, such as atrial tachycardia, may be a sign of digoxin toxicity.
Digoxin toxicity is enhanced if there are 67 electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypercalcaemia.
What is the typical presentation of a "brown tumor" in a patient with hyperparathyroidism?
1) Well-circumscribed, lytic lesion in the skull
2) Expansile, osteolytic lesion in the long bones
3) Well-circumscribed, dark brown area in the region of severe bone resorption
4) Osteoblastic lesion with increased bone density
Brown tumors are benign fibro-osseous lesions that occur in the context of hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption. They are typically seen in areas of high bone turnover.
What is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis in humans?
1) Hepatitis A
2) Hepatitis B
3) Hepatitis C
4) Alcohol abuse
While hepatitis B and C are both common causes of chronic hepatitis, hepatitis B is the most frequently encountered cause due to its high prevalence worldwide and its ability to persist in the body for long periods.
Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic kidney disease?
1) Hypertension
2) Anemia
3) Hyperkalemia
4) Hypernatremia
Chronic kidney disease can lead to hypertension, anemia, and hyperkalemia due to impaired renal function. However, hypernatremia is typically associated with decreased water intake or increased water loss, not increased sodium levels.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is
1) Active
2) Inactive
3) Persistent
4) Super infection
General Medicine
Answer: 1
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is active
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Massive proteinuria
2) Hypoalbuminemia
3) Lipiduria
4) Neutrophiluria
The nephrotic syndrome includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia with lipiduria. Neutrophiluria, the presence of neutrophils in the urine, is not a typical feature of the nephrotic syndrome and is more associated with conditions like acute glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis.
What is the primary target of alcohol toxicity in the liver?
1) Hepatocyte membranes
2) Hepatic stellate cells
3) Kupffer cells
4) Mitochondria
The primary target of alcohol toxicity in the liver is the mitochondri1) Alcohol is metabolized in the liver, generating acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species, which can disrupt mitochondrial function and lead to cell damage and necrosis.