MDS PREP
What is the typical frequency of phlebotomy in the initial phase of treatment for hemochromatosis?
1) Once a week
2) Once every two weeks
3) Once a month
4) Once every three months
In the initial phase of treatment for hemochromatosis, phlebotomy is usually performed once a week to rapidly reduce iron stores. Once transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels become normal, the frequency is typically reduced to every three months for maintenance.
What is the typical endoscopic appearance of the small intestine in patients with untreated celiac disease?
1) Normal
2) Atrophic villi
3) Ulcers
4) Inflamed mucosa
Untreated celiac disease leads to villous atrophy, where the finger-like projections of the intestinal mucosa become flattened, reducing the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Kaussmaul"s breathing is due to presence of
1) Bicarbonate
2) H+ ions
3) Chloride ions
4) K+ ions
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Kaussmaul's breathing is due to the presence of H+ ions
Which of the following causes bronchodilatation?
1) adrenaline (epinephrine)
2) histamine
3) prostaglandin E2
4) guaifenesin
General Medicine Answer: 1
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic agent that causes bronchodilatation. It is used to relieve bronchospasm in anaphylactic shock reactions.
Histamine, kinins and prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2, are inflammatory mediators. In response to allergic stimuli, inflammatory mediators may cause bronchoconstrictions.
Guaifenesin is an expectorant preparation that increases bronchial secretions to promote the expulsion of the mucus coughed up.
What is the primary role of the anterior pituitary gland in the development and function of the reproductive system?
1) It produces sex hormones directly
2) It regulates the production of gonadal hormones
3) It produces GH, which is essential for sexual maturation
4) It regulates the menstrual cycle in females
The anterior pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for the development and function of the reproductive system. FSH and LH regulate the production of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism
1) Chest pain
2) Dyspnoea
3) Haemoptysis
4) Cough
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The most common symptom of pulmonary embolism is dyspnoea
A 50-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with sudden onset of severe, painful, and reddened skin on the dorsum of his foot. His blood glucose is 350 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Cellulitis
2) Diabetic neuropathic ulcer
3) Pyoderma gangrenosum
4) Erythema multiforme
The sudden onset of pain, redness, and swelling of the skin, particularly in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes, suggests a bacterial infection such as cellulitis.