MDS PREP
A bacterial disease with oral manifestations is
1) Herpes Measles
2) Measles
3) Diphtheria
4) Leishmaniasis
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Diphtheria serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous
membranes of the nose and throat.
Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days after a person becomes
infected. Signs and symptoms may include:
A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
A sore throat and hoarseness
Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Nasal discharge
Fever and chills
Tiredness
Skin (cutaneous) diphtheria
A second type of diphtheria can affect the skin, causing pain, redness and
swelling similar to other bacterial skin infections. Ulcers covered by a gray
membrane also may be a sign of skin diphtheria.
Which of the following disease are common in ashkenazi jews
1. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease
2. Gaucher"s disease and Niemann-Pick disease
3. Amelogenesis imperfecta and dentinogenesis imperfecta
4. Achondroplasia and Marfan"s syndrome
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Gaucher's disease and Niemann-Pick disease are common in Ashkenazi Jews.
Chemotherapy can be successful during treatment of
1. Ameloblastoma
2. Leukaemia
3. Fibrosarcoma
4. Basal cell carcinoma
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Chemotherapy can be successful in the treatment of leukemia.
True about Sickle cell anemia except -
1) Commonly seen in black
2) R.B.C. size is altered
3) Valine for Glutamic acid in ?-chain globin
4) Deletion of gene
General Pathology
Answer: 4
Deletion of a gene is not true about sickle cell anemia; it is caused by a point mutation, not a deletion.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of pseudohypoparathyroidism?
1) Mental retardation
2) Short stature
3) Elevated serum calcium
4) Missing metatarsal or metacarpal bones
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is characterized by resistance to parathyroid hormone, leading to low serum calcium levels, not elevated serum calcium.
Reversible pulpitis change to irreversible pulpits primarily because of
1) Vascular strangulation
2) Reduced host resistance
3) Invasion of microorganisms
4) An increase in microbial virulence
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Reversible pulpitis changes to irreversible pulpitis primarily because of
invasion of microorganisms.
Reversible pulpitis is a condition where the pulp is inflamed but can
potentially heal if the causative agent is removed and the pulp remains vital.
Irreversible pulpitis, however, occurs when the inflammation is severe or
chronic, leading to irreversible damage to the pulp. The primary reason for this
progression is typically the invasion of microorganisms and their byproducts,
which can cause further inflammation and necrosis of pulpal tissue, making
healing unlikely.
A malignant tumour cell moves through the stages of:
1. Progression vascularization invasion detachment embolization
2. Vascularization invasion prepression detachment embolization
3. invasion vascularizationprogression detachment embolization
4. Detachment invasion vascularization progression embolization
Pathology Answer: 1
The correct answer is: 1. Progression vascularization invasion
detachment embolization.
Explanation of the stages for a malignant tumor cell:
1. Progression: This is the initial stage of tumor development where the cells
acquire the ability to proliferate in an uncontrolled manner. This can be due to
genetic mutations that alter the normal regulatory mechanisms that control cell
division. The tumor grows locally within the tissue or organ of origin.
2. Vascularization: Also known as angiogenesis, this stage involves the
formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen,
which is essential for its continued growth and progression. The tumor cells
secrete factors that stimulate the growth of blood vessels into the tumor mass.
3. Invasion: The malignant tumor cells develop the capability to invade
surrounding tissues. They secrete enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix
and basement membrane, allowing them to move through these barriers and invade
neighboring tissues and organs.
4. Detachment: During this stage, tumor cells detach from the primary tumor
site. This is facilitated by the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion molecules and the
degradation of the extracellular matrix by proteolytic enzymes.
5. Embolization: Detached tumor cells can then enter the lymphatic system or
bloodstream. This process is known as intravasation. They travel through these
vessels as emboli and can potentially form new tumors at distant sites, which is
the process of metastasis.
The principal chemical mediator of immediate phase, of acute inflammation is:
1. Serotonin
2. Histamine
3. Kinin-Kallikrein
4. Complement system
Pathology
Answer: 2
The principal chemical mediator of the immediate phase of acute inflammation
is Histamine. Here's a detailed explanation of the options given:
1. Serotonin: While serotonin is a vasoactive substance that can cause blood
vessels to constrict or dilate, it is not the primary mediator of the immediate
phase of acute inflammation. It is mainly associated with the regulation of
mood, appetite, and sleep. In the context of inflammation, it plays a minor role
compared to histamine.
2. Histamine: Histamine is indeed the correct answer. It is a potent chemical
mediator released from mast cells and basophils in response to injury or
antigenic stimulation. Upon release, histamine acts on blood vessels to cause
vasodilation, increased permeability, and increased blood flow to the injured
area, which are hallmark features of the immediate phase of acute inflammation.
This results in the cardinal signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat
(calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).
3. Kinin-Kallikrein system: The kinin-kallikrein system is another important
mediator of inflammation, but it is more involved in the later phases. When
activated, it results in the formation of kinins, such as bradykinin, which
contribute to increased vascular permeability and pain. However, it is not the
first line mediator in the immediate phase.
4. Complement system: The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood
that work with antibodies to destroy pathogens and trigger inflammation. It is a
key component of the innate immune response, but its activation and role are
more pronounced in the later stages of inflammation rather than the immediate
phase. The complement system is involved in the opsonization of pathogens,
recruitment of phagocytes, and the formation of the membrane attack complex,
which can lyse certain bacteria and cells.
The immediate phase of acute inflammation is characterized by the rapid response
to tissue injury, which includes vasoactive changes and increased vascular
permeability to allow fluid, cells, and proteins to move into the interstitial
space. Histamine is quickly released from mast cells and basophils and acts on
H1 receptors of blood vessels to induce vasodilation and increased permeability.
This leads to the early symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness,
heat, and pain, and is crucial for the initiation of the inflammatory response
to protect the body from harm.