MDS PREP
What type of aphasia is associated with lesions in the temporal lobe's auditory association area?
1) Broca's aphasia
2) Wernicke's aphasia
3) Global aphasia
4) Sensory aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia is associated with lesions in the temporal lobe's auditory association area, particularly Brodmann's area 22. It is characterized by fluent speech with impaired comprehension and repetition.
What are the primary metabolic effects of GH?
1) Lipolysis and protein anabolism
2) Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
3) Lipolysis and increased peripheral utilization of glucose
4) Lipolysis and increased uptake of glucose by muscles
Answer: 2) The primary metabolic effects of GH are lipolysis and gluconeogenesis, which result in increased plasma fatty acids and glucose levels.
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
1) To reabsorb sodium and chloride
2) To reabsorb sodium and potassium
3) To reabsorb sodium and secrete hydrogen
4) To reabsorb sodium, potassium, and chloride
E) To reabsorb sodium and hydrogen carbonate
The sodium-potassium-2-chloride (Na+-K+-2Cl-) cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid into the blood. This process helps in the maintenance of osmotic balance and the generation of the medullary interstitial gradient.
What is the role of the acrosome in sperm?
1) Provides energy for sperm motility
2) Contains enzymes that help in the penetration of the ovum
3) Protects the sperm DNA
4) Involved in the fertilization process by fusing with the egg membrane
Physiology
Answer: 2
The acrosome is a cap-like structure located on the head of a spermatozoon. It contains lysosome-like organelles rich in enzymes that are essential for penetrating the egg's outer layers during fertilization.
What is the significance of the ponto-genital occipital spikes seen in REM sleep?
1) They indicate deep sleep
2) They indicate the onset of dreaming
3) They are associated with eye movement
4) They are markers of REM sleep
Ponto-genital occipital spikes, or PGO waves, are characteristic of REM sleep and are thought to be associated with the onset of dreaming, as they often coincide with rapid eye movement and increased brain activity during this phase.
Which type of autonomic nerve fibers are primarily involved in the pupillary light reflex?
1) Muscarinic
2) Adrenergic
3) Nicotinic
4) GABAergic
The pupillary light reflex is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and acts on muscarinic receptors. The contraction of the sphincter pupillae muscle, which is innervated by the parasympathetic system, results in pupil constriction (miosis) in response to light.
What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the digestive system?
1) Stimulates the release of bile from the liver
2) Increases the secretion of water in the collecting tubules of the kidney
3) Relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter
4) Decreases the motility of the small intestine
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of bile from the liver and pancreatic enzymes, aiding in digestion.
Which of the following is NOT a hormone secreted by the kidney?
1) 1,25 Dihydrocholecalciferol
2) Renin
3) Erythropoietin
4) Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is NOT a hormone secreted by the kidney; it is produced from angiotensinogen in the liver and converted to angiotensin II by the kidneys.