There are some enzymes that cause protein to coagulate rather than to produce simpler compund These are known as lab enzymes

1. Coagulase:

• Definition: Coagulase is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria, most notably Staphylococcus aureus. It catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (an insoluble protein), leading to the clotting of blood.
• Function: The production of coagulase is a virulence factor for Staphylococcus aureus, as it helps the bacteria evade the host's immune system by forming a protective clot around the bacterial cells. This clot can shield the bacteria from phagocytosis and other immune responses.
• Clinical Relevance: Coagulase is used in laboratory tests to differentiate between pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive) and non-pathogenic staphylococci (coagulase-negative).

2. Proteolytic Enzymes:

• Definition: Proteolytic enzymes, also known as proteases or peptidases, are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acids.
• Function: These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including digestion, protein turnover, cell signaling, and immune responses. They are found in many organisms, including humans, where they are involved in the digestion of dietary proteins in the stomach and small intestine.
• Types: Proteolytic enzymes can be classified based on their mechanism of action (e.g., serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases) and their substrate specificity.

Wenmycin is an antibiotic that is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces wenyangensis. It belongs to the class of compounds known as macrolide antibiotics, which are characterized by their large lactone ring structure. Wenmycin has been studied for its antimicrobial properties, particularly against certain types of bacteria.

A classic example of delayed type IV hypersensitivity is the Mantoux tuberculin test in which skin induration indicates exposure to tuberculosis.

This reaction is called "delayed hypersensitivity" because it is mediated by sensitized CD4+ T lymphocytes which process antigens in association with class II HLA molecules and release lymphokines.
The lymphokines promote a reaction (especially mediated through macrophages) beginning in hours but reaching a peak in 2 to 3 days.

Hypersensitivity reactions with this mode of action include:

• Granulomatous diseases (mycobacteria, fungi)

• Tuberculin skin reactions

• Transplant rejection

• Contact dermatitis

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated responses: CD8+ T cells are generated and lyse specific cells. Class I HLA molecules play a role. Reactions with this mode include:

• Neoplastic cell lysis

• Transplant rejection

• Virus-infected cell lysis

Lactobacillus is an acidogenic genus found in deep dental caries, that often increases significantly in the saliva during periods of caries activity

The first recognized case in an epidemic outbreak is termed as the index case. Although both the index case and primary case appear to be the same yet they differ slightly. The term primary case refers to the person who first brings a disease into a group of people.