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1 Physiology

What type of receptors are found in the heart that are stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
1) Adrenergic receptors
2) Muscarinic receptors
3) Nicotinic receptors
4) GABAergic receptors

Option 1

Option 2

The parasympathetic nervous system acts on muscarinic receptors (specifically M2 receptors) in the heart to decrease the heart rate and atrial contractility, thereby contributing to a resting state and energy conservation.

Option 3

Option 4

2 Physiology

Which of the following statements about Secretin is true?
1) It is structurally similar to insulin.
2) It is structurally similar to glucagon.
3) It stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid by the stomach.
4) It is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels.

Option 1

Option 2

Secretin is structurally similar to glucagon, which is involved in glucose metabolism and regulation.

Option 3

Option 4

3 Physiology

What is the primary role of sleep spindles during sleep?
1 ) To facilitate memory consolidation
2) To maintain muscle tone
3) To regulate body temperature
4) To initiate REM sleep

Option 1

Sleep spindles are associated with the transition from stage 1 to stage 2 NREM sleep and are thought to play a role in memory consolidation and the integration of new information.

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

4 Physiology

What is the role of Secretin in pancreatic enzyme secretion?
1) It directly stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes.
2) It inhibits the release of pancreatic enzymes.
3) It has no effect on pancreatic enzyme secretion.
4) It augments the action of CCK in producing pancreatic enzyme secretion.

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Secretin augments the action of CCK (cholecystokinin) in producing pancreatic enzyme secretion, facilitating digestion.

5 Physiology

What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the digestive system?
1) Stimulates the release of bile from the liver
2) Increases the secretion of water in the collecting tubules of the kidney
3) Relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter
4) Decreases the motility of the small intestine

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Cholecystokinin is a hormone secreted by the mucosa of the upper intestine in response to the presence of food, particularly proteins and fats. One of its key functions is to stimulate the contraction of the gallbladder and relax the sphincter of Oddi, facilitating the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in digestion.

Option 4

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