MDS PREP
What is the primary mechanism of action of amphotericin B in treating systemic fungal infections?
(1) Inhibition of fungal cell wall synthesis
(2) Inhibition of fungal DNA replication
(3) Inhibition of fungal protein synthesis
(4) Alteration of fungal membrane potential
Amphotericin B is an antifungal agent that works primarily by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and cell death. It is effective against a wide range of fungi and is often used to treat severe systemic infections.
What is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency?
1) Increased metabolic demand
2) Decreased dietary intake
3) Impaired absorption
4) Increased renal excretion
Folic acid deficiency is most commonly due to inadequate dietary intake or increased metabolic demand, such as during pregnancy.
Which of the following is NOT a common behavioral symptom in early Huntington's disease?
(1) Depression
(2) Apathy
(3) Hyperactivity
(4) Social withdrawal
In early Huntington's disease, common behavioral symptoms include depression, apathy, irritability, and social withdrawal. Hyperactivity is not a typical early symptom; rather, the disease is more associated with a decline in motor function and increased involuntary movements (chorea).
A patient is admitted with suspected cholera. What is the most appropriate initial treatment for this condition?
(1) Intravenous antibiotics
(2) Intravenous fluids and electrolytes
(3) Intravenous opioids
(4) Intravenous corticosteroids
The most critical aspect of cholera treatment is aggressive rehydration to replace the large volume of fluid and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Antibiotics may be administered to reduce the duration of illness and the volume of diarrhea, but rehydration is the immediate priority.
A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with fever and seizures. The child's mother reports that the child has been vomiting and has had diarrhea for the past 24 hours. What is the most likely diagnosis?
(1) Diabetic ketoacidosis
(2) Meningitis
(3) Sepsis
(4) Gastroenteritis
The combination of fever, vomiting, and diarrhea with seizures in a young child is more indicative of gastroenteritis, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances leading to seizures, rather than the other options listed.
What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
1) Inhalation of carbon dioxide
2) Injection of sodium bicarbonate
3) Ingestion of antacids
4) Increase in respiratory rate
The treatment for respiratory alkalosis typically involves correcting the underlying cause. However, if symptoms are severe, inhalation of a small amount of carbon dioxide can be administered.
What is the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure in adults?
1) Brain tumors
2) Head trauma
3) Meningitis
4) Hydrocephalus
Brain tumors are the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure in adults.
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?
1) High HDL cholesterol
2) Low LDL cholesterol
3) High triglycerides
4) Low triglycerides
High triglycerides are a risk factor for atherosclerosis as they contribute to the formation of lipid-rich plaques in the arterial walls.