MDS PREP
What is the typical presentation of the severe form of osteopetrosis?
1) Asymptomatic in adulthood
2) Death in childhood
3) Mild symptoms in childhood
4) Normal bone density
The severe form of osteopetrosis typically presents with death in childhood due to complications from the disease.
What is the role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism?
1) Increases renal excretion of calcium
2) Decreases absorption of dietary calcium
3) Activates absorption of dietary calcium
4) Inhibits bone resorption
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium metabolism by activating the absorption of dietary calcium in the intestines.
Which of the following conditions can lead to bone demineralization?
1) Osteopetrosis
2) Hyperparathyroidism
3) Pseudohypoparathyroidism
4) All of the above
Hyperparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism can lead to bone demineralization, while osteopetrosis is characterized by increased bone density.
What is a characteristic feature of osteopetrosis?
1) Increased osteoclast activity
2) Thick and brittle bones
3) Elevated serum calcium
4) Increased bone resorption
Osteopetrosis is characterized by thick and brittle bones due to increased osteoclast activity, which is impaired, leading to abnormal bone remodeling.
Cafe-au-lait spots are seen in
1. Paget"s disease of bone
2. Cherubism
3. Von Recklinghausen disease
4. Von Willebrand disease
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Cafe-au-lait spots are seen in Von Recklinghausen disease.
Mean exposure at skin from an intraoral periapical radiographs
1. 300 mR
2. 0.03 mR
3. 47 mR
4. Both A and B
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Mean exposure at the skin from intraoral periapical radiographs is 0.03 mR.
The major stimulator of monocytes
1. IL-I
2. ã-interferon
3. IgE
4. lgG
Pathology Answer: 1
1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that
plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune system. It
is produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes in response to various stimuli,
including bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and tissue damage. IL-1 is a major
stimulator of monocytes, as it promotes their proliferation, differentiation
into macrophages, and enhances their phagocytic and antigen-presenting
capabilities. It also induces the production of other cytokines, such as
TNF-alpha and IL-6, which further amplify the inflammatory response. Thus, it
acts as a critical mediator in the early stages of the immune response and is
involved in the initiation of the acute phase reaction.
2. α-Interferon: Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an
essential role in the innate immune response to viral infections. They are
mainly produced by cells in response to viral infection and can induce an
antiviral state in nearby cells by upregulating the expression of proteins that
inhibit viral replication. While α-interferon does not directly stimulate
monocytes, it does have some effects on the immune system, such as enhancing the
natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulating the function of macrophages and
other immune cells. However, it is not the primary stimulator of monocytes like
IL-1 is.
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): IgE is a class of antibodies that are involved in the
allergic response and the immune response to parasites. It is produced in
response to allergens and parasitic antigens. While IgE is important in the
activation of mast cells and basophils, which play a key role in the immediate
allergic response, it does not serve as a major stimulator of monocytes.
Monocytes are more closely associated with the innate immune response and are
not primarily activated by antibodies.
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): IgG is the most abundant and versatile class of
antibodies in the blood. It plays a pivotal role in the immune response by
binding to pathogens and facilitating their destruction through various
mechanisms, such as opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), activation of the
complement system, and neutralization of toxins. IgG can interact with
macrophages via Fcγ receptors, which can lead to phagocytosis of
antigen-antibody complexes. However, IgG is not a direct stimulator of monocytes
in the same sense that IL-1 is. Monocytes are primarily activated by cytokines
and other signaling molecules released during inflammation and infection, rather
than by antibodies.
Which of the following is a common complication of hyperparathyroidism?
1) Osteoporosis
2) Osteopetrosis
3) Renal stones
4) Hypoparathyroidism
A common complication of hyperparathyroidism is the formation of renal stones due to elevated calcium levels in the urine.