MDS PREP
What is the primary goal of treatment for adults with diabetes mellitus?
1) Maintaining HbA1C levels below 7%
2) Achieving a preprandial capillary plasma glucose of 100-130 mg/dl
3) Lowering blood pressure to <130/80 mmHg
4) All of the above
The treatment goals for adults with diabetes mellitus are multifaceted and include glycemic control, blood pressure management, and lipid management. The aim is to maintain HbA1C levels below 7% for most individuals to minimize long-term complications.
What is the most common site for gastrinomas in Zollinger Ellison syndrome?
1) Stomach
2) Small intestine
3) Pancreas
4) Duodenum
Gastrinomas in Zollinger Ellison syndrome are most commonly found in the pancreas, particularly in the head of the pancreas. The term "gastrinoma triangle" refers to the area between the duodenum and pancreas where these tumors are frequently located.
What is Laron syndrome or Laron dwarfism?
1) A genetic disorder causing severe growth hormone deficiency
2) A form of familial short stature
3) Growth hormone resistance due to a defect in GH receptor
4) A condition resulting from a mutation in the GHRH gene
Laron syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by insensitivity to growth hormone due to mutations in the GH receptor, leading to proportionate dwarfism and characteristic facial features.
Which of the following is a hallmark of alcoholic cirrhosis?
1) Massive hepatic necrosis
2) Fatty infiltration of hepatocytes
3) Extensive scar tissue and regenerative nodules
4) Inflammatory cell infiltration
Alcoholic cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of extensive scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules within the liver. This results from chronic alcohol-induced damage to hepatocytes and the subsequent wound healing response.
What is the most common malignancy associated with Zollinger Ellison syndrome?
1) Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
2) Gastric adenocarcinoma
3) Small intestine adenocarcinoma
4) Hepatic metastasis
While Zollinger Ellison syndrome is primarily associated with gastrinomas, these tumors can be malignant and can metastasize. The most common malignant counterpart is pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which can be found in about 25% of cases.
The major risk factor for foot ulcers and infections in individuals with diabetes mellitus is:
1) Neuropathy
2) Abnormal foot biomechanics
3) Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
4) All of the above
Diabetic neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation, allowing for unnoticed trauma and subsequent ulceration. Abnormal foot biomechanics can cause increased plantar pressure and foot deformities such as hammertoes or calluses that may progress to ulcers. PAD reduces blood flow to the feet, impairing the healing process and making infection more likely. Poor wound healing is a direct consequence of both neuropathy and vascular compromise.
Kaussmaul"s breathing is due to presence of
1) Bicarbonate
2) H+ ions
3) Chloride ions
4) K+ ions
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Kaussmaul's breathing is due to the presence of H+ ions
Cause of Bell"s palsy
1) Idiopathic
2) Vascular
3) Trauma
4) Cold exposure
General Medicine
Answer: 1
The exact cause of Bell's palsy remains idiopathic in many cases, although some believe viral infections may trigger it.