MDS PREP
The most common cause of hypercalcemia in malignancy is:
1) Osteoblastic metastasis
2) Osteolytic metastasis
3) Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
4) Ectopic parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion
Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic complication in cancer patients, particularly those with solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma. The most common cause is the secretion of a parathyroid hormone-like protein called PTHrP by the tumor cells.
Which of the following is ideal method of screening for secondaries lung
1) Chest X-ray
2) CT scan
3) MRI
4) Enzyme essay
General Medicine
Answer: 2
A CT scan is more sensitive than a chest X-ray for identifying metastatic lung disease and is typically used for such screenings.
A 55-year-old diabetic patient presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. What is the most critical component of the initial management?
1) Antibiotic therapy
2) Wound debridement
3) Control of blood glucose
4) Reconstructive surgery
Proper glycemic control is essential for wound healing in diabetic patients. Elevated blood glucose levels impair the immune response and can worsen the ulcer.
What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) in developing countries?
1) Tuberculosis
2) Autoimmune diseases
3) Adrenal hemorrhage
4) Adrenal cancer
In developing countries, the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency is tuberculosis, due to its higher prevalence and ability to spread to various organs, including the adrenal glands.
The primary mechanism of action of nitroglycerin in the treatment of angina pectoris is:
1) Dilatation of coronary arteries
2) Decreased cardiac contractility
3) Increased cardiac output
4) Decreased systemic vascular resistance
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that primarily acts by relaxing vascular smooth muscles, which leads to dilatation of coronary arteries.
What is the role of antithrombin III in the coagulation process?
1) Activates thrombin
2) Inhibits thrombin
3) Stabilizes fibrin clots
4) Activates factor X
Antithrombin III is a serine protease inhibitor that plays a critical role in regulating blood coagulation by inhibiting thrombin (factor IIa) and other serine proteases in the coagulation cascade. This helps maintain the delicate balance between clot formation and dissolution.
What is the typical presentation of acute peptic (stress) ulcers?
1) Severe abdominal pain and hemorrhage
2) Abdominal distension and vomiting
3) Diarrhea and dehydration
4) Weight loss and jaundice
Acute peptic ulcers are characterized by mucosal erosions in the stomach or duodenum. They are usually caused by increased gastric acidity and mucosal damage due to stress factors such as psychological stress, trauma, burns, or intracranial lesions, leading to symptoms like severe abdominal pain and potential gastrointestinal bleeding.
What is the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia?
1) Afibrinogenemia
2) Vitamin K deficiency
3) Hemophilia A
4) Hemophilia B
Although the question mentions that hypoprothrombinemia is associated with vitamin K deficiency, the most common congenital cause of hypoprothrombinemia is actually deficiency of factor II, which is vitamin K-dependent. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver.