MDS PREP
What is the earliest symptom of Parkinsonism?
1) Rigidity
2) Bradykinesia
3) Tremor
4) Postural instability
The earliest symptom of Parkinsonism is typically a resting tremor, which often begins in one hand, leg, or chin and progresses over time.
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
1) Minimal change disease
2) Membranous nephropathy
3) Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
4) Diabetic nephropathy
Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. It is characterized by almost normal glomerular histology on light microscopy, with the lesion confined to the podocyte foot processes.
What is the role of angiotensinogen in blood pressure regulation?
1) It is a precursor to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulant of aldosterone release.
2) It is a precursor to angiotensin I, which has no direct role in blood pressure regulation.
3) It acts as a co-factor in the production of bradykinin, a vasodilator.
4) It is a potent inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system.
Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by the action of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure.
Class II of HIV associated diseases describes
1) Acute infections
2) Asymptomatic infections
3) Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
4) All of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Class II of HIV associated diseases describes asymptomatic infections where patients are HIV positive but do not exhibit symptoms. Class I includes acute infections, and Class III involves symptomatic infections. Therefore, Class II is characterized by individuals being asymptomatic despite being infected with HIV.
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is an allergic reaction to
1) Drugs
2) House dust
3) Virus
4) Worms
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is often linked to parasitic infections, especially related to filarial infections, where the immune response to the worms leads to eosinophilia.
What is the most common malignancy associated with Zollinger Ellison syndrome?
1) Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
2) Gastric adenocarcinoma
3) Small intestine adenocarcinoma
4) Hepatic metastasis
While Zollinger Ellison syndrome is primarily associated with gastrinomas, these tumors can be malignant and can metastasize. The most common malignant counterpart is pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which can be found in about 25% of cases.
Which of the following is a congenital deficiency associated with a hemorrhagic diathesis?
1) Hageman trait
2) Parahemophilia
3) Hypoprothrombinemia due to liver disease
4) Hemophilia A
Hemophilia A is a congenital defect due to various abnormalities of the gene on the X chromosome that codes for factor VIII, leading to a hemorrhagic diathesis. Hageman trait is also congenital but does not directly cause a bleeding disorder.
What is the primary mechanism by which H. pylori is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach?
1) It produces hydrochloric acid
2) It has a protective outer coating
3) It produces urease, which generates ammonia
4) It lives in the mucus layer without contacting the acid
H. pylori produces the enzyme urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, raising the local pH around the bacteria and protecting them from the acidic gastric environment.