MDS PREP
Secondary infections in HIV-infected patient are classified under
1) Class I
2) Class II
3) Class III
4) Class IV
General Medicine Answer: 4
Common opportunistic infections associated with HIV include: cryptococcal meningitis. toxoplasmosis.
As opposed to lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia is characterised grossly and microscopically by
1) Patchy inflammatory distribution
2) Organization of alveolar exudates
3) Diffuse inflammatory distribution
4) Inflammation of bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 1
As opposed to lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia is characterized grossly and microscopically by patchy inflammatory distribution
What is the typical location of involvement in Crohn's disease?
1) Proximal small intestine
2) Distal small intestine
3) Large intestine
4) Both small and large intestines
Crohn's disease most commonly affects the distal ileum, which is the last part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.
What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Preventing the passage of red blood cells
2) Regulating ion transport
3) Preventing the passage of proteins
4) Maintaining the structure of the renal corpuscle
The GBM is a critical component of the glomerular filtration barrier that normally prevents the passage of proteins into the urine. In the nephrotic syndrome, there are alterations in the GBM that lead to increased permeability and loss of proteins, particularly albumin, into the glomerular filtrate.
What is the primary role of the anterior pituitary gland in the development and function of the reproductive system?
1) It produces sex hormones directly
2) It regulates the production of gonadal hormones
3) It produces GH, which is essential for sexual maturation
4) It regulates the menstrual cycle in females
The anterior pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for the development and function of the reproductive system. FSH and LH regulate the production of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
A newborn baby has severe bleeding. Which of the following coagulation factor deficiencies is the most common cause of this condition?
1) Factor II deficiency
2) Factor V deficiency
3) Factor VIII deficiency
4) Factor X deficiency
In newborns, factor VIII deficiency, known as Hemophilia A, is the most common cause of severe bleeding. It is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means that females are carriers and males are affected. The severity of the bleeding is indicative of the lack of this crucial coagulation factor.
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with a red, smooth tongue. This is most likely due to:
1) Iron deficiency anemia
2) Pernicious anemia
3) Megaloblastic anemia
4) Thiamine deficiency
The patient's symptoms are indicative of thiamine deficiency, which is a common nutritional deficiency in chronic alcoholics.
What is the primary function of the ATP7B protein in the context of Wilson's disease?
1) Copper uptake in the gut
2) Copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin
3) Copper excretion from hepatocytes
4) Copper metabolism in erythrocytes
The ATP7B protein is essential for copper excretion from hepatocytes into bile, and its deficiency leads to copper accumulation in the liver and other tissues in Wilson's disease.