MDS PREP
In a patient with hyperparathyroidism, which of the following is a late and irreversible complication of hypercalcemia?
1) Renal calculi
2) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
3) Osteoporosis
4) Cardiac arrhythmias
While hypercalcemia can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and cardiac arrhythmias, these are usually reversible with correction of calcium levels. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a late complication resulting from long-standing increased bone resorption and decreased bone density.
Cheyne-Strokes breathing may occur in
1) Severe heart failure
2) Normal persons during sleep at high altitude
3) Elder people
4) All
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Cheyne-Strokes breathing may occur in severe heart failure, normal persons during sleep at high altitude, and elder people
What is the role of angiotensinogen in blood pressure regulation?
1) It is a precursor to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulant of aldosterone release.
2) It is a precursor to angiotensin I, which has no direct role in blood pressure regulation.
3) It acts as a co-factor in the production of bradykinin, a vasodilator.
4) It is a potent inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system.
Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by the action of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure.
In restrictive lung disease
1) Increasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung decreasing
2) Decreasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung decreasing
3) Increasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung increasing
4) Decreasing of FEV1/FVC and compliance of lung increasing
General Medicine
Answer: 1
In restrictive lung disease, the FEV1/FVC ratio and compliance of the lung are
decreasing.
Restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or severe asthma, are
characterized by a decrease in the lung's ability to expand due to factors like
stiffening of the lung tissue or a reduction in the volume of the thoracic
cavity. As a result, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is
reduced in relation to the forced vital capacity (FVC), leading to a decreased
FEV1/FVC ratio. Additionally, the compliance of the lung, which is a measure of
the lung's ability to expand and contract, is also decreased in these conditions
because the lung tissue becomes less elastic.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ground-glass hepatocytes seen in HBV infection?
1) Spheres and tubules of HBsAg in the cytoplasm
2) Finely granular cytoplasm
3) Nuclear atypia
4) Preservation of the cell outline
Ground-glass hepatocytes are a hallmark of HBV infection and are characterized by spheres and tubules of HBsAg in the cytoplasm, resulting in a finely granular appearance. However, these cells typically show no significant nuclear atypia.
What is the primary mechanism by which alcohol induces lipid peroxidation in the liver?
1) Through the production of acetaldehyde
2) By increasing microsomal ethanol oxidizing activity
3) Through the generation of reactive oxygen species
4) By inhibiting antioxidant enzymes
Alcohol induces lipid peroxidation primarily by generating reactive oxygen species during its metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver. These free radicals can damage cell membranes and organelles.
Which of the following conditions is associated with a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency?
1) Down syndrome
2) Turner syndrome
3) Prader-Willi syndrome
4) Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome, characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome, is associated with a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency. This leads to short stature and delayed puberty in affected females. While the other conditions listed can have various endocrine abnormalities, they are not primarily linked to growth hormone deficiency.
A patient with a known history of migraines presents with an episode of severe, unilateral, throbbing headache associated with nausea and photophobia. The headache is preceded by a visual aura. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient?
1) Sumatriptan
2) Ibuprofen
3) Metoclopramide
4) Acetaminophen
Sumatriptan is a serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist that is specifically indicated for the treatment of migraines with or without aura.