MDS PREP
A 55-year-old male with a history of alcoholism presents with a chronic non-healing ulcer on his lower leg. The ulcer has a necrotic center surrounded by erythematous tissue. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Arterial ulcer
2) Venous stasis ulcer
3) Pressure ulcer
4) Neuropathic ulcer
The chronic non-healing nature of the ulcer and its location on the lower leg in an individual with a history of alcoholism are more consistent with a neuropathic ulcer. Neuropathy due to chronic alcohol use can lead to loss of protective sensation and poor blood supply, resulting in these types of ulcers.
Pulmonary surfactant is
1) Lecithin
2) Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline
3) Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl serine
4) Sphingosine
General Medicine
Answer: 1
Pulmonary surfactant is lecithin
What is the major effector of cell injury in alcoholic hepatitis?
1) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
2) Interferon gamma (IFN-?)
3) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
4) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
TNF is considered the main effector of injury in alcoholic hepatitis. It is produced by activated macrophages, particularly Kupffer cells, and plays a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation and necrosis in the liver.
What is the earliest symptom of Parkinsonism?
1) Rigidity
2) Bradykinesia
3) Tremor
4) Postural instability
The earliest symptom of Parkinsonism is typically a resting tremor, which often begins in one hand, leg, or chin and progresses over time.
In which of the following conditions is nephrotic syndrome characterized by the presence of fibrin in the glomerulus?
1) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
2) Minimal-change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Membranous nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium, leading to proliferation of mesangial cells and the formation of a dense, double-contour appearance. This can result in the deposition of fibrin in the glomerulus.
A patient with a history of alcohol abuse presents with jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia. The most likely diagnosis is:
1) Alcoholic hepatitis
2) Cirrhosis
3) Pancreatitis
4) Hepatic encephalopathy
The combination of jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia suggests that the patient has developed cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic alcohol abuse.
A 50-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with sudden onset of severe, painful, and reddened skin on the dorsum of his foot. His blood glucose is 350 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Cellulitis
2) Diabetic neuropathic ulcer
3) Pyoderma gangrenosum
4) Erythema multiforme
The sudden onset of pain, redness, and swelling of the skin, particularly in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes, suggests a bacterial infection such as cellulitis.
What is the typical inheritance pattern of Hemophilia A?
1) Autosomal recessive
2) Autosomal dominant
3) Sex-linked recessive
4) Sex-linked dominant
Hemophilia A is typically inherited in a sex-linked recessive pattern, meaning it is caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. Males are more commonly affected since they have only one X chromosome, while females with one normal and one affected X chromosome are usually carriers and may exhibit mild symptoms.