MDS PREP
What is the normal ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates of bile acids in the bile?
1) 1:1
2) 2:1
3) 3:1
4) 4:1
The normal ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates of bile acids in the bile is approximately 3:1, reflecting the different conjugation patterns of bile acids.
What is the primary mechanism of vibration detection in the musculoskeletal system?
1) Meissner's corpuscles
2) Pacinian corpuscles
3) Merkel's discs
4) Ruffini's endings
Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that are highly sensitive to high-frequency vibrations and are responsible for detecting rapid changes in pressure.
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system during rest and digest conditions?
1) Stimulation of the heart and increased cardiac output
2) Constriction of blood vessels in the GI tract
3) Diverting blood flow to skeletal muscles
4) Decreasing heart rate and promoting gastrointestinal activity
Answer: 4) Decreasing heart rate and promoting gastrointestinal activityExplanation: The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" functions. It slows the heart rate, constricts pupils, and stimulates digestive processes such as increased salivation, gastric acid secretion, and gastrointestinal motility.
What is the function of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
1) Reabsorption of water
2) Secretion of hydrogen ions
3) Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
4) Reabsorption of urea
The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate, contributing to urine concentration.
What is the primary function of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)?
1) Stimulating gastric acid secretion
2) Inhibiting gastric acid secretion
3) Stimulating insulin secretion
4) Inhibiting insulin secretion
E) Stimulating gastric emptying
GIP is released from the K cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to the presence of nutrients, particularly glucose and fat. Its primary function is to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells, which helps regulate postprandial blood glucose levels. It also inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying.
What are the two major functions of GH?
1) Stimulation of growth hormone-dependent lipolysis and glycogenolysis
2) Stimulation of gluconeogenesis and growth of the skeletal system
3) Stimulation of cortisol synthesis and thyroid hormone release
4) Regulation of insulin secretion and cardiovascular function
Answer: 2) The two major functions of GH are the growth of the skeletal system and metabolic effects, including gluconeogenesis.
What is the function of the macula densa in the regulation of the nephron's function?
1) It secretes ADH to regulate water reabsorption.
2) It monitors sodium chloride concentration in the tubular fluid.
3) It produces erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production.
4) It is involved in the conversion of vitamin D to its active form.
The macula densa monitors sodium chloride concentration in the tubular fluid, playing a crucial role in regulating kidney function.
What is the normal ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates of bile acids in the bile?
1) 1:1
2) 2:1
3) 3:1
4) 4:1
Physiology
Answer: 3
The ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates of bile acids is normally 3:1.