MDS PREP
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the second half of the menstrual cycle?
1) It secrets FSH
2) It secrets LH
3) It secrets estrogen and progesterone
4) It secrets inhibin
The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle, which are essential for maintaining the uterine lining.
Which hypothalamic nucleus is considered the satiety center?
1) Venteromedial nucleus
2) Lateral nucleus
3) Arcuate nucleus
4) Dorsomedial nucleus
Answer: 1) The venteromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is considered the satiety center.
What is the primary effect of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) on the excitability of a neuron?
1) Depolarization
2) Hyperpolarization
3) No change in excitability
4) Initiation of an action potential
Answer: 1) DepolarizationExplanation: EPSPs occur when the neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors that open sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to flow into the neuron and causing the membrane to depolarize. This increases the excitability of the neuron, bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold for action potential firing.
What is the main function of the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
1) To secrete digestive enzymes
2) To increase gastric motility
3) To increase gastric acidity
4) To initiate the secretion of gastrin
E) To prepare the stomach for food intake
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is initiated by the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food and prepares the stomach for the arrival of food by increasing gastric secretion, gastric motility, and salivation. It does not directly increase gastric acidity but does contribute to the overall digestive process.
What is the transport maximum for phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?
1) 0.10 mM/min
2) 0.50 mM/min
3) 1.00 mM/min
4) 2.00 mM/min
The transport maximum for phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys is approximately 0.50 mM/min, indicating the maximum amount that can be reabsorbed before excretion occurs.
What is the primary mechanism responsible for the reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron?
1) Sodium-hydrogen exchange
2) Sodium-glucose cotransport
3) Sodium-potassium-2-chloride cotransport
4) Sodium-phosphate cotransport
E) Sodium-chloride symport
The primary mechanism for sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts is sodium-hydrogen exchange, which occurs through the NHE3 transporter. This allows for the reclamation of sodium while maintaining the acid-base balance by exchanging sodium for hydrogen ions, which are then secreted into the tubular lumen.
What are the main stimuli that increase the secretion of growth hormone (GH)?
1) High blood glucose levels and physical inactivity
2) Hypoglycemia, exercise, protein meals, and stress
3) REM sleep and increased IGF-1 levels
4) High cortisol and fatty acid levels
Answer: 2) Main stimuli that increase GH secretion include hypoglycemia, exercise, protein meals, and stress.
Which of the following statements about glomerular filtrate is true?
1) It contains high levels of proteins.
2) It is isotonic to plasma.
3) It is essentially protein-free.
4) It has a higher concentration of glucose than plasma.
Glomerular filtrate is essentially protein-free, allowing for the passage of water, electrolytes, and small molecules while retaining larger proteins in the bloodstream.