MDS PREP
A malignant tumour cell moves through the stages of:
1. Progression vascularization invasion detachment embolization
2. Vascularization invasion prepression detachment embolization
3. invasion vascularizationprogression detachment embolization
4. Detachment invasion vascularization progression embolization
Pathology Answer: 1
The correct answer is: 1. Progression vascularization invasion
detachment embolization.
Explanation of the stages for a malignant tumor cell:
1. Progression: This is the initial stage of tumor development where the cells
acquire the ability to proliferate in an uncontrolled manner. This can be due to
genetic mutations that alter the normal regulatory mechanisms that control cell
division. The tumor grows locally within the tissue or organ of origin.
2. Vascularization: Also known as angiogenesis, this stage involves the
formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen,
which is essential for its continued growth and progression. The tumor cells
secrete factors that stimulate the growth of blood vessels into the tumor mass.
3. Invasion: The malignant tumor cells develop the capability to invade
surrounding tissues. They secrete enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix
and basement membrane, allowing them to move through these barriers and invade
neighboring tissues and organs.
4. Detachment: During this stage, tumor cells detach from the primary tumor
site. This is facilitated by the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion molecules and the
degradation of the extracellular matrix by proteolytic enzymes.
5. Embolization: Detached tumor cells can then enter the lymphatic system or
bloodstream. This process is known as intravasation. They travel through these
vessels as emboli and can potentially form new tumors at distant sites, which is
the process of metastasis.
Paroxymal noctural hemoglobinuria is due to -
1) Acquired red cell defect
2) Congential red cell defect
3) Auto immune defect
4) Lead poisoning
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is due to an acquired red cell defect, specifically a defect in the cell membrane that makes red blood cells susceptible to lysis.
Osmotic fragility is increased in -
1) Sickle cell anaemia
2) Thalassemia
3) Hereditary spherocytosis
4) Chronic lead poisoning
General Pathology
Answer: 3
Osmotic fragility is increased in hereditary spherocytosis due to the abnormal shape and membrane stability of red blood cells.
Osteoradionecrosis results from
1. Infection, trauma, radiation
2. Radiation, trauma, infection
3. Trauma, radiation, infection
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Osteoradionecrosis results from radiation, trauma, and infection.
A 28-year-old man presents with sudden onset of severe pain and swelling in his right testicle. On examination, the testicle is tender, swollen, and warm to the touch. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Testicular torsion
2) Epididymitis
3) Hydrocele
4) Inguinal hernia
Testicular torsion is the most likely diagnosis for sudden onset of severe pain and swelling in the testicle.
Which of the following people are more susceptibe to UV light induced
carcinogenesis?
1. People with xeroderma pigmentosa
2. Fanconis anemia
3. Telangiectasia
4. All of the above
Pathology Answer: 4
1. People with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP):
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way the skin
and eyes repair damage from UV radiation. Individuals with XP have a deficiency
in the DNA repair mechanism that normally removes UV-induced lesions. As a
result, their cells are more prone to mutations, which can lead to skin cancer.
There are several types of XP, and they vary in severity, but all are
characterized by extreme sensitivity to UV light, leading to early aging of the
skin, pigmentation changes, and a high risk of developing multiple skin cancers,
including melanoma, at a very young age.
2. Fanconi Anemia:
Fanconi anemia is another genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to
repair DNA. It is not exclusively related to UV radiation but rather to a defect
in the repair of DNA crosslinks, which can be caused by various agents,
including UV light. Patients with Fanconi anemia have an increased
susceptibility to various cancers, including skin cancers. Their cells have a
higher frequency of chromosomal instability and DNA damage, which can be
exacerbated by UV exposure. However, it's essential to note that the primary
cancer risk in Fanconi anemia is related to the underlying defect in DNA repair
and not solely to UV light.
3. Telangiectasia:
Telangiectasia is a condition where small blood vessels, especially those in the
skin, widen and become visible. While telangiectasia itself does not increase
the risk of skin cancer, individuals with certain forms of this condition may
have a higher susceptibility to UV light damage. For example, some patients with
telangiectasia may also have a genetic mutation or an acquired defect in the
skin that results in poor repair of UV-induced DNA damage. This can lead to a
higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma
and squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, telangiectasias are often found in areas
of the skin that have been exposed to significant UV radiation, such as the
face, neck, and hands, which are common sites for these types of skin cancers.
In summary, all of the conditions mentioned (Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Fanconi
Anemia, and Telangiectasia) can increase the susceptibility to UV light-induced
carcinogenesis due to their respective impairments in DNA repair mechanisms and
skin responses to UV radiation.
Infectious mononucleosis has
1. Multiple draining sinuses
2. Ulcers which bruise easily
3. Palatal perforation
4. Alveolar bone loss
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by ulcers that bruise easily.
A 25-year-old woman presents with a painful, red, swollen, and tender area on the dorsum of her foot. She reports a recent injury while playing sports. The area is warm to the touch and has a well-defined border. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Osteomyelitis
2) Cellulitis
3) Gout
4) Plantar wart
Cellulitis is the most likely diagnosis for a painful, red, swollen area on the foot with a recent injury.