MDS PREP
Cafe-au-lait spots are seen in
1. Paget"s disease of bone
2. Cherubism
3. Von Recklinghausen disease
4. Von Willebrand disease
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Cafe-au-lait spots are seen in Von Recklinghausen disease.
The primary defect which leads to sickle cell anemia is -
1) An abnormality in porphyrin part of hemoglobin
2) Replacement of glutamate by valine in ?-chain of HbA
3) A nonsense mutation in the ?-chain of HbA
4) Substitution of valine by glutamate in the ?-chain of HbA
General Pathology
Answer: 2
The primary defect in sickle cell anemia is the replacement of glutamic acid by valine in the ?-chain of hemoglobin, leading to the sickling of red blood cells.
The major stimulator of monocytes
1. IL-I
2. ã-interferon
3. IgE
4. lgG
Pathology Answer: 1
1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that
plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune system. It
is produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes in response to various stimuli,
including bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and tissue damage. IL-1 is a major
stimulator of monocytes, as it promotes their proliferation, differentiation
into macrophages, and enhances their phagocytic and antigen-presenting
capabilities. It also induces the production of other cytokines, such as
TNF-alpha and IL-6, which further amplify the inflammatory response. Thus, it
acts as a critical mediator in the early stages of the immune response and is
involved in the initiation of the acute phase reaction.
2. α-Interferon: Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an
essential role in the innate immune response to viral infections. They are
mainly produced by cells in response to viral infection and can induce an
antiviral state in nearby cells by upregulating the expression of proteins that
inhibit viral replication. While α-interferon does not directly stimulate
monocytes, it does have some effects on the immune system, such as enhancing the
natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulating the function of macrophages and
other immune cells. However, it is not the primary stimulator of monocytes like
IL-1 is.
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): IgE is a class of antibodies that are involved in the
allergic response and the immune response to parasites. It is produced in
response to allergens and parasitic antigens. While IgE is important in the
activation of mast cells and basophils, which play a key role in the immediate
allergic response, it does not serve as a major stimulator of monocytes.
Monocytes are more closely associated with the innate immune response and are
not primarily activated by antibodies.
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): IgG is the most abundant and versatile class of
antibodies in the blood. It plays a pivotal role in the immune response by
binding to pathogens and facilitating their destruction through various
mechanisms, such as opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), activation of the
complement system, and neutralization of toxins. IgG can interact with
macrophages via Fcγ receptors, which can lead to phagocytosis of
antigen-antibody complexes. However, IgG is not a direct stimulator of monocytes
in the same sense that IL-1 is. Monocytes are primarily activated by cytokines
and other signaling molecules released during inflammation and infection, rather
than by antibodies.
Extensive cellulitis is known as:
1. Phlegm
2. Phlegmon
3. Cellulitis majora
4. Cellulitis prima
Pathology Answer: 2
Extensive cellulitis is most accurately described by the term "phlegmon
Phlegm is a thick, viscous substance produced by the respiratory tract,
especially during a respiratory infection, which can be coughed up from the
lungs or expelled from the nose. It is primarily composed of mucus, dead cells,
and other substances.
Phlegmon is a term that is closely related to extensive cellulitis. It refers
to a severe form of cellulitis where the infection has spread deeply into the
subcutaneous tissues and is accompanied by significant inflammation, including
the presence of pus and necrosis. Phlegmon is characterized by intense pain,
swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area. This condition often
requires aggressive medical management, including intravenous antibiotics and
surgical drainage if an abscess forms. It is an advanced and severe stage of
cellulitis that can lead to systemic infection if not treated properly.
Which of the following epithelial changes commonly signify precancerous condition
1. Dyskeratosis
2. Hyperkeratosis
3. Parakeratosis
4. Acanthosis
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Dyskeratosis refers to abnormal keratinization of epithelial cells and is often associated with precancerous lesions. It indicates a disruption in normal cell maturation and can be a sign of potential malignancy. The other options may also be associated with various conditions but are not specifically indicative of precancerous changes.
Which of the following people are more susceptibe to UV light induced
carcinogenesis?
1. People with xeroderma pigmentosa
2. Fanconis anemia
3. Telangiectasia
4. All of the above
Pathology Answer: 4
1. People with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP):
Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way the skin
and eyes repair damage from UV radiation. Individuals with XP have a deficiency
in the DNA repair mechanism that normally removes UV-induced lesions. As a
result, their cells are more prone to mutations, which can lead to skin cancer.
There are several types of XP, and they vary in severity, but all are
characterized by extreme sensitivity to UV light, leading to early aging of the
skin, pigmentation changes, and a high risk of developing multiple skin cancers,
including melanoma, at a very young age.
2. Fanconi Anemia:
Fanconi anemia is another genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to
repair DNA. It is not exclusively related to UV radiation but rather to a defect
in the repair of DNA crosslinks, which can be caused by various agents,
including UV light. Patients with Fanconi anemia have an increased
susceptibility to various cancers, including skin cancers. Their cells have a
higher frequency of chromosomal instability and DNA damage, which can be
exacerbated by UV exposure. However, it's essential to note that the primary
cancer risk in Fanconi anemia is related to the underlying defect in DNA repair
and not solely to UV light.
3. Telangiectasia:
Telangiectasia is a condition where small blood vessels, especially those in the
skin, widen and become visible. While telangiectasia itself does not increase
the risk of skin cancer, individuals with certain forms of this condition may
have a higher susceptibility to UV light damage. For example, some patients with
telangiectasia may also have a genetic mutation or an acquired defect in the
skin that results in poor repair of UV-induced DNA damage. This can lead to a
higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma
and squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, telangiectasias are often found in areas
of the skin that have been exposed to significant UV radiation, such as the
face, neck, and hands, which are common sites for these types of skin cancers.
In summary, all of the conditions mentioned (Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Fanconi
Anemia, and Telangiectasia) can increase the susceptibility to UV light-induced
carcinogenesis due to their respective impairments in DNA repair mechanisms and
skin responses to UV radiation.
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons travelling from tungsten filament is suddenly stopped by its impact on the
1. Gruntled filament
2. Anodic tungsten target
3. Cathodic tungsten target
4. Molybdenum lining of anode
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons traveling from the tungsten filament is suddenly stopped by its impact on the anodic tungsten target.
Bite cells are seen in -
1) G6PD deficiency
2) SCA
3) Hereditary spherocytosis
4) Trauma
General Pathology
Answer: 1
Bite cells are characteristic of G6PD deficiency, resulting from oxidative damage to red blood cells.