MDS PREP
The principle hazard to operator and patient is produced by what type of radiation
1. Gamma
2. Primary
3. Secondary
4. None of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
The principle hazard to the operator and patient is produced by secondary radiation.
What is the primary mechanism leading to increased cortisol levels in Cushing's disease?
1) Ectopic ACTH secretion by a tumor
2) Adrenal adenoma secreting cortisol autonomously
3) Excessive pituitary prolactin production
4) Cortisol resistance at the tissue level
An adrenal adenoma secreting cortisol autonomously is the primary mechanism leading to increased cortisol levels in Cushing's disease.
The first vascular reaction In Inflammation is:
1. Vasoconstriction
2.
Vasodilation
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. Marginisation or pavementing
Pathology Answer: 2
The first vascular reaction in inflammation is Vasodilation.
Explanation:
Inflammation is the body's protective response to tissue injury or infection. It
is characterized by the classical signs of redness (rubor), heat (calor),
swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa). The
initial vascular changes in the inflammatory process include:
1. Vasoconstriction: This is a temporary response that occurs immediately after
injury to minimize blood loss. However, it is quickly followed by the more
significant and prolonged phase of vasodilation.
2. Vasodilation: This is the first major vascular reaction in the inflammatory
response. Vasodilation occurs due to the release of substances such as
histamine, bradykinins, and prostaglandins from the damaged tissue cells and
mast cells. These substances are known as vasodilators and they cause the smooth
muscles surrounding the blood vessels to relax, leading to an increase in the
diameter of the blood vessels. This results in increased blood flow to the
injured area, which is essential for delivering white blood cells, nutrients,
and oxygen to the site of inflammation. The increased blood flow is what causes
the characteristic redness and heat of an inflamed area.
3. Increased vascular permeability: Although it is not the first vascular
reaction, increased vascular permeability is a critical component of the
inflammatory process. After vasodilation, the endothelial cells that line the
blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma and proteins to leak out of
the vessels into the surrounding tissue. This leads to the formation of an
exudate, which is the accumulation of fluid and proteins that makes up the
swelling (edema) seen in inflammation.
4. Marginisation or Pavementing: This is the process where neutrophils (a type
of white blood cell) move along the walls of blood vessels towards the site of
inflammation. It occurs later in the inflammatory response after the initial
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. These cells then migrate
through the vessel walls into the tissue to combat pathogens and debris.
Osmotic fragility is increased in -
1) Sickle cell anaemia
2) Thalassemia
3) Hereditary spherocytosis
4) Chronic lead poisoning
General Pathology
Answer: 3
Osmotic fragility is increased in hereditary spherocytosis due to the abnormal shape and membrane stability of red blood cells.
The migration of leukocytes from intravascular to extra vascular compartment
occurs through:
1). Desmosomic destruction
2). Enlargement of interendothelial Junctions
3). Endothelial pores
4). Transmembrane proteins
Pathology Answer: 2
Enlargement of interendothelial junctions: This option refers to the widening of the spaces between endothelial cells, which can occur during inflammation. This enlargement allows leukocytes to pass through the endothelium more easily. This is a significant mechanism in the process of leukocyte transmigration.
Following are the findings in sickle cell Anemia, except -
1) Fish vertebra
2) Enlarged heart
3) Splenomegaly usually seen
4) Leukocytosis
General Pathology
Answer: 3
Splenomegaly is not usually seen in sickle cell anemia; instead, autosplenectomy often occurs due to repeated splenic infarctions.
Precancerous potential in Plummer-Vinson syndrome may be due to change in the epithelium like
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Acanthosia
4. All the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Plummer-Vinson syndrome is associated with atrophic changes in the
epithelium, which can lead to an increased risk of cancer
Plummer-Vinson syndrome is characterized by a classic triad of
clinical features: dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), iron-deficiency anemia,
and esophageal webs. Additional symptoms may include glossitis (inflammation of
the tongue), koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails), and cheilitis (inflammation of
the lips).
Clinical Features of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome:
Dysphagia:
Difficulty swallowing due to the presence of esophageal webs, which
can obstruct the esophagus.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia:
Resulting from chronic blood loss or malabsorption, leading to
fatigue and weakness.
Esophageal Webs:
Thin membranes that form in the esophagus, contributing to
swallowing difficulties.
Glossitis:
Inflammation of the tongue, which may appear smooth and swollen.
Koilonychia:
Spoon-shaped nails that can indicate iron deficiency.
Cheilitis:
Inflammation and cracking of the lips, often associated with
nutritional deficiencies.
Fatigue and Weakness:
Common symptoms due to anemia and nutritional deficiencies.
Associated Risks:
Esophageal Cancer:
There is an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer in
individuals with Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
Prevention:
Iron Intake:
Ensuring adequate dietary iron may help prevent the onset of this
syndrome. Diagnosis and Management:
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is typically made through clinical evaluation, endoscopy,
and imaging studies to identify esophageal webs and assess for anemia.
Management:
Treatment often involves iron supplementation to address anemia and
dietary modifications to improve iron intake. In some cases, dilation of
esophageal webs may be necessary to alleviate dysphagia
In radiobiology, the "latent period" represents the period of time between
1. Cell rest and cell mitosis
2. The first and last dose in radiation therapy
3. Film exposure and image development
4. Radiation exposure and its biological effects
In radiobiology, the "latent period" represents the time between radiation exposure and its biological effects.