MDS PREP
What of the following is characterized by left lower quadrant periumbilical pain in an elderly person, with the presence of fever, tender abdomen, leukocytosis, nausea, and vomiting?
1) Acute appendicitis
2) Diverticulitis
3) Gallstones
4) Pancreatitis
General Pathology Answer: 2
Diverticulitis is characterized by left lower quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis, especially in elderly patients.
In a patient with Cushing's syndrome, which of the following is NOT a typical laboratory finding?
1) Low serum cortisol
2) High serum cortisol
3) Low serum ACTH
4) High serum potassium
Low serum cortisol is not a typical laboratory finding in Cushing's syndrome, where high serum cortisol is expected.
Sloughing of necrotic epithelium is characteristic of
1. Aspirin burn
2. Denture sore mouth
3. Traumatic ulcer
4. Contact dermatitis
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Sloughing of necrotic epithelium is characteristic of an aspirin burn.
Size of the bite wing film is
1. 32 * 41 mm
2. 22 * 35 mm
3. 57 * 76 mm
4. 75 * 90 mm
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The size of the bite wing film is 32 * 41 mm.
Which of the following has the potential of undergoing spontaneous malignant transformation
1. Osteomalacia
2. Albright"s syndrome
3. Paget"s disease of bone
4. Osteogenesis imperfecta
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Paget's disease of bone has the potential for spontaneous malignant transformation.
The histiocytosis X is a spectrum of disorders, which include the following conditions
1. Eosinophilic granuloma
2. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
3. Letterer-Siwe disease
4. All of the above
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Histiocytosis X includes eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, and Letterer-Siwe disease.
The skin of a patient undergoing radiotherapy will show after 2 weeks
1. Erythema
2. Depigmentation
3. Radiation-induced carcinomas
4. No change
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
The skin of a patient undergoing radiotherapy will show erythema after 2 weeks.
The major stimulator of monocytes
1. IL-I
2. ã-interferon
3. IgE
4. lgG
Pathology Answer: 1
1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that
plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune system. It
is produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes in response to various stimuli,
including bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and tissue damage. IL-1 is a major
stimulator of monocytes, as it promotes their proliferation, differentiation
into macrophages, and enhances their phagocytic and antigen-presenting
capabilities. It also induces the production of other cytokines, such as
TNF-alpha and IL-6, which further amplify the inflammatory response. Thus, it
acts as a critical mediator in the early stages of the immune response and is
involved in the initiation of the acute phase reaction.
2. α-Interferon: Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an
essential role in the innate immune response to viral infections. They are
mainly produced by cells in response to viral infection and can induce an
antiviral state in nearby cells by upregulating the expression of proteins that
inhibit viral replication. While α-interferon does not directly stimulate
monocytes, it does have some effects on the immune system, such as enhancing the
natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulating the function of macrophages and
other immune cells. However, it is not the primary stimulator of monocytes like
IL-1 is.
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): IgE is a class of antibodies that are involved in the
allergic response and the immune response to parasites. It is produced in
response to allergens and parasitic antigens. While IgE is important in the
activation of mast cells and basophils, which play a key role in the immediate
allergic response, it does not serve as a major stimulator of monocytes.
Monocytes are more closely associated with the innate immune response and are
not primarily activated by antibodies.
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): IgG is the most abundant and versatile class of
antibodies in the blood. It plays a pivotal role in the immune response by
binding to pathogens and facilitating their destruction through various
mechanisms, such as opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), activation of the
complement system, and neutralization of toxins. IgG can interact with
macrophages via Fcγ receptors, which can lead to phagocytosis of
antigen-antibody complexes. However, IgG is not a direct stimulator of monocytes
in the same sense that IL-1 is. Monocytes are primarily activated by cytokines
and other signaling molecules released during inflammation and infection, rather
than by antibodies.