MDS PREP
Which one of the following drugs increases gastrointestinal motility?
1) Glycopyrrolate.
2) Atropine.
3) Neostigmine.
4) Fentanyl.
Pharmacology Answer: 3
Synthetic opioids, sharing properties of opium and morphine, include meperidine, propoxyphene, diphenoxylate, fentanyl, buprenorphine, methadone, and pentazocine. Various opiate effects are analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria.
Fentanyl (80 to 100 times more powerful than morphine) is especially dangerous.
Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors. Atropine decreases gastrointestinal tract motility and secretion and causes constipation.
Although various derivatives and congeners of atropine (such as propantheline, isopropamide, and glycopyrrolate) have been advocated in patients with peptic ulcer or with diarrheal syndromes
Neostigmine is Cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance the effects of parasympathetic stimulation and leads to reversal of intoxication by agents with a anticholinergic action
The most appropriate drug for treatment of generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) is:
1) valproate
2) methylphenidate
3) ethosuximide
4) diazepam
Pharmacology Answer: 1
For generalized tonic-clonic seizures, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or valproate is the drug of choice.
Morphine causes vomiting by
1. stimulation of the no dose ganglion of the vagus
2. direct stimulation of the gastrointestinal musculature
3. stimulation of the medullary chemo receptor trigger zone
4. a direct irritant action on the gastric mucosa.
Pharmacology
Answer: 3
Morphine causes vomiting by stimulation of the medullary chemo receptor trigger zone
Drug of choice for cholera prophylaxis
1) Chromphenicol
2) Procaine Penicillin
3) Doxycycline
4) Erythromycin
Pharmacology Answer: 3
Treatment with a single 200-mg dose of doxycycline has been recommended
As studies in volunteers demonstrated conclusively, the disease is an immunizing process. Patients who have recovered from cholera are solidly immune for at least 3 years
Which of the following statements is true regarding the phase III clinical trial of a drug?
1) It is intended to determine drug efficacy and toxicity on a large number of patients
2) It is performed only on primates
3) It is performed with only a few volunteer subjects
4) It is primarily intended to determine the LD50 of a drug
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Phase III studies are randomized controlled multicenter trials on large patient groups (300–3,000 or more depending upon the disease/medical condition studied) and are aimed at being the definitive assessment of how effective the drug is, in comparison with current 'gold standard' treatment.
Ipratropium bromide is useful in bronchial asthma because of
1) Anticholinergic effect
2) Vasodilator properties
3) Antiallergic action
4) Stabilization of mast cells
Pharmacology Answer: 1
Ipratropium (as ipratropium bromide, trade name Atrovent) is an anticholinergic drug administered by inhalation for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases.
It acts by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lung, inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
It is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, and does not diffuse into the blood, which prevents systemic side effects.
Ipratropium is a derivative of atropine[1] but is a quaternary amine and therefore does not cross the blood-brain barrier
Ethohepatazine is a chemical derivative of
1. codeine
2. morphine
3. meperidine
4. papaverine
Pharmacology
Answer: 3
Ethohepatazine is a chemical derivative of meperidine
Chlortetracycline acts by interfering with
1. protein synthesis on bacterial but not mammalian ribosomes
2. cell wall synthesis
3. nucleic acid synthesis
4. protein synthesis on mammalian but not bacterial ribosomes
Pharmacology
Answer: 1
Chlortetracycline acts by interfering with protein synthesis on bacterial but not mammalian ribosomes