MDS PREP
Drug of choice in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
1) Diprofloxacin
2) Catrimoxazole
3) Zidovudine
4) Pentamidine
General Medicine
Answer: 2
The drug of choice in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is Catrimoxazole
Pinhead stippling of the skull is a radiological sign associated with which condition?
1) Rickets
2) Osteopetrosis
3) Hyperparathyroidism
4) Osteomalacia
Pinhead stippling of the skull is a sign of increased osteoclastic activity, which is characteristic of hyperparathyroidism. It represents resorption of the outer layer of the bone and is most prominent in the calvaria.
What is the primary target of autoantibodies in SLE that contributes to the disease's pathology?
1) Cell membranes
2) Cytoplasmic components
3) Nuclear components
4) Extracellular matrix
The primary target of autoantibodies in SLE is nuclear components. These antibodies can lead to the formation of immune complexes and complement activation, resulting in widespread tissue damage and inflammation.
What is the typical presentation of a "brown tumor" in a patient with hyperparathyroidism?
1) Well-circumscribed, lytic lesion in the skull
2) Expansile, osteolytic lesion in the long bones
3) Well-circumscribed, dark brown area in the region of severe bone resorption
4) Osteoblastic lesion with increased bone density
Brown tumors are benign fibro-osseous lesions that occur in the context of hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption. They are typically seen in areas of high bone turnover.
Which of the following HLA types is most strongly associated with Celiac disease?
1) HLA-DQ2
2) HLA-DQ8
3) HLA-B8
4) HLA-DR3
The strongest genetic association with Celiac disease is with the HLA-DQ2 haplotype, which is found in the majority of patients with the condition.
Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic kidney disease?
1) Hypertension
2) Anemia
3) Hyperkalemia
4) Hypernatremia
Chronic kidney disease can lead to hypertension, anemia, and hyperkalemia due to impaired renal function. However, hypernatremia is typically associated with decreased water intake or increased water loss, not increased sodium levels.
When prescribing for a patient of renal failure, the elimination of drug from the kidney in the case of renal impairment all the following are correct except
1) Creatinine clearance is taken as guide
2) The normal main dose is given if the drug is being metabolized
3) The time to reach to steady state plasma concentration is the same as in patients with normal renal function
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In renal impairment, the time to reach steady-state plasma concentration generally differs from that in patients with normal renal function due to altered clearance; hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
What is the primary mechanism of action of Shiga-like toxins produced by EHEC?
1) Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes
2) Induces lipid peroxidation in cell membranes
3) Increases intracellular cAMP
4) Induces endothelial cell damage
Shiga-like toxins produced by EHEC bind to ribosomes in target cells, particularly endothelial cells, and inhibit protein synthesis. This leads to cell damage and contributes to the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome.