MDS PREP
What is the primary role of the anterior pituitary gland in the development and function of the reproductive system?
1) It produces sex hormones directly
2) It regulates the production of gonadal hormones
3) It produces GH, which is essential for sexual maturation
4) It regulates the menstrual cycle in females
The anterior pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for the development and function of the reproductive system. FSH and LH regulate the production of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
What is the primary goal of treatment for adults with diabetes mellitus?
1) Maintaining HbA1C levels below 7%
2) Achieving a preprandial capillary plasma glucose of 100-130 mg/dl
3) Lowering blood pressure to <130/80 mmHg
4) All of the above
The treatment goals for adults with diabetes mellitus are multifaceted and include glycemic control, blood pressure management, and lipid management. The aim is to maintain HbA1C levels below 7% for most individuals to minimize long-term complications.
The first line treatment for anaphylactic shock includes:
1) Intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) Intravenous antihistamines
3) Intravenous corticosteroids
4) Intramuscular corticosteroids
Adrenaline is the drug of choice in anaphylactic shock as it acts rapidly to counteract the effects of histamine by causing vasoconstriction and bronchodilation. It is administered intramuscularly to ensure quick absorption and action.
What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the nephrotic syndrome?
1) Preventing the passage of red blood cells
2) Regulating ion transport
3) Preventing the passage of proteins
4) Maintaining the structure of the renal corpuscle
The GBM is a critical component of the glomerular filtration barrier that normally prevents the passage of proteins into the urine. In the nephrotic syndrome, there are alterations in the GBM that lead to increased permeability and loss of proteins, particularly albumin, into the glomerular filtrate.
A patient with a rare bleeding disorder has a prolonged aPTT and a prolonged PT. Which coagulation factor is likely deficient?
1) Factor V
2) Factor VIII
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Both the aPTT (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) and PT (Prothrombin Time) are prolonged in the case of factor VIII deficiency, which is characteristic of Hemophilia A. This is because factor VIII is involved in both the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade.
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with a red, smooth tongue. This is most likely due to:
1) Iron deficiency anemia
2) Pernicious anemia
3) Megaloblastic anemia
4) Thiamine deficiency
The patient's symptoms are indicative of thiamine deficiency, which is a common nutritional deficiency in chronic alcoholics.
Which of the following is the primary function of protein C?
1) Activation of factor V
2) Inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin
3) Formation of fibrin
4) Inhibition of factor VIIIa
Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that acts as an anticoagulant. Upon activation, it forms a complex with protein S and inhibits factor Xa and thrombin, thereby preventing excessive clot formation and promoting clot dissolution.
A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
1) Direct action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on gastric mucosa
2) Indirect effects of PTH-induced hypercalcemia on gastric acid secretion
3) Secondary hypergastrinemia due to vitamin D deficiency
4) Autonomic neuropathy affecting gastric emptying
Hypercalcemia, which is commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism, can suppress gastric mucosal function and lead to peptic ulcer disease.