MDS PREP
What is the role of angiotensinogen in blood pressure regulation?
1) It is a precursor to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulant of aldosterone release.
2) It is a precursor to angiotensin I, which has no direct role in blood pressure regulation.
3) It acts as a co-factor in the production of bradykinin, a vasodilator.
4) It is a potent inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system.
Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by the action of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, leading to sodium and water retention and an increase in blood pressure.
What is the most common serosal cavity involved in SLE?
1) Pleural cavity
2) Pericardial cavity
3) Peritoneal cavity
4) Peripheral synovial membranes
Pleurisy, or inflammation of the pleural lining, is the most common serosal involvement in SLE. This can lead to pleural effusions and chest pain.
Which of the following is NOT a primary glomerular disease that can cause nephrotic syndrome?
1) Membranous nephropathy
2) Minimal change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic disease with renal manifestations that can cause nephrotic syndrome, but it is not a primary glomerular disease. The primary glomerular diseases listed that can lead to nephrotic syndrome are membranous nephropathy, minimal-change disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
What is the primary source of vitamin D3 in humans?
1) Diet
2) Skin synthesis from sunlight
3) Intestinal bacteria
4) Supplementation
The precursor of vitamin D3, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is present in the keratinocytes of the skin's stratum corneum. Upon exposure to UV light, it is converted into cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
What is the typical location of Cushing's ulcers in the digestive tract?
1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum
4) Stomach
Cushing's ulcers are typically found in the stomach, often along the lesser curvature or the anterior wall, and are associated with increased gastric acid secretion secondary to excessive vagal stimulation due to intracranial lesions.
What is the most common site for hydatid cyst formation in humans?
1) Brain
2) Lung
3) Liver
4) Spleen
Hydatid disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, primarily affects the liver in approximately 70% of cases. This is because the ova ingested by humans are carried to the liver via the portal venous system, where they are trapped and develop into cysts.
A patient with diabetes mellitus presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. Which of the following is NOT a component of the comprehensive management of the ulcer?
1) Infection control
2) Daily wound dressing changes
3) Blood glucose management
4) Revascularization if indicated
While daily wound dressing changes are a part of ulcer care, the other options are more critical in the comprehensive management of diabetic foot ulcers.
A patient with a history of liver cirrhosis develops a hemorrhagic tendency. Which coagulation factor is likely to be deficient?
1) Factor I (Fibrinogen)
2) Factor II (Prothrombin)
3) Factor V
4) Factor VIII
In liver disease, especially cirrhosis, there is a decrease in hepatic synthesis of clotting factors, particularly factor II (prothrombin). Vitamin K deficiency is also common in liver disease, which further contributes to hypoprothrombinemia. The deficiency of fibrinogen (factor I) would also result in a bleeding diathesis but is less common in liver disease. Factors V and VIII are also synthesized in the liver but are less frequently affected than factor II in such cases.