MDS PREP
Which of the following is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
1) Parathyroid adenoma
2) Parathyroid carcinoma
3) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)
4) Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure
Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by a single parathyroid adenoma, leading to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone and increased serum calcium levels.
What is the primary target of alcohol toxicity in the liver?
1) Hepatocyte membranes
2) Hepatic stellate cells
3) Kupffer cells
4) Mitochondria
The primary target of alcohol toxicity in the liver is the mitochondri1) Alcohol is metabolized in the liver, generating acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species, which can disrupt mitochondrial function and lead to cell damage and necrosis.
What is the primary role of histamine in the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis?
1) Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
2) Bronchoconstriction
3) Decreased cardiac output
4) Increased gastric acid secretion
Histamine is a potent vasodilator and increases vascular permeability, contributing to the vasodilatory shock and hypotension seen in anaphylaxis. It also causes bronchoconstriction but is primarily responsible for the vasodilatory component.
Bronchiectasis is most common in which lobe
1) Right upper lobe
2) Right middle lobe
3) Left upper lobe
4) Left lower lobe
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Bronchiectasis is most common in the left lower lobe
A 50-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with sudden onset of severe, painful, and reddened skin on the dorsum of his foot. His blood glucose is 350 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Cellulitis
2) Diabetic neuropathic ulcer
3) Pyoderma gangrenosum
4) Erythema multiforme
The sudden onset of pain, redness, and swelling of the skin, particularly in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes, suggests a bacterial infection such as cellulitis.
In which condition do we see increased subcutaneous fat and a high-pitched voice as part of the clinical presentation?
1) Constitutional delay of growth
2) Familial short stature
3) Hypopituitarism
4) Growth hormone resistance
In growth hormone deficiency, which is part of hypopituitarism, patients may exhibit increased subcutaneous fat and a high-pitched voice due to the lack of growth hormone affecting muscle and bone development as well as adipose tissue distribution.
What is the primary pathogenic mechanism of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
1) Invasion of gut epithelial cells
2) Production of heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST)
3) Induction of lipid peroxidation
4) Production of Shiga-like toxins
ETEC are the principal cause of traveler’s diarrhe1) They produce both a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) that act on the intestinal mucos1) The LT is similar to cholera toxin and increases intracellular cGMP levels, leading to enhanced fluid and electrolyte secretion into the lumen and thus diarrhe1) The ST acts by a different mechanism but also enhances fluid and electrolyte secretion.
What is the primary role of the anterior pituitary gland in the development and function of the reproductive system?
1) It produces sex hormones directly
2) It regulates the production of gonadal hormones
3) It produces GH, which is essential for sexual maturation
4) It regulates the menstrual cycle in females
The anterior pituitary gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for the development and function of the reproductive system. FSH and LH regulate the production of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, in the gonads (ovaries and testes).