MDS PREP
A 50-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with sudden onset of severe, painful, and reddened skin on the dorsum of his foot. His blood glucose is 350 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Cellulitis
2) Diabetic neuropathic ulcer
3) Pyoderma gangrenosum
4) Erythema multiforme
The sudden onset of pain, redness, and swelling of the skin, particularly in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes, suggests a bacterial infection such as cellulitis.
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs
1) Beyond major bronchus
2) In alveolar region
3) Beyond terminal bronchioles
4) Beyond minor bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In emphysema, the dilatation occurs beyond terminal bronchioles
Class II of HIV associated diseases describes
1) Acute infections
2) Asymptomatic infections
3) Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
4) All of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Class II of HIV associated diseases describes asymptomatic infections where patients are HIV positive but do not exhibit symptoms. Class I includes acute infections, and Class III involves symptomatic infections. Therefore, Class II is characterized by individuals being asymptomatic despite being infected with HIV.
What is the primary goal of treatment for adults with diabetes mellitus?
1) Maintaining HbA1C levels below 7%
2) Achieving a preprandial capillary plasma glucose of 100-130 mg/dl
3) Lowering blood pressure to <130/80 mmHg
4) All of the above
The treatment goals for adults with diabetes mellitus are multifaceted and include glycemic control, blood pressure management, and lipid management. The aim is to maintain HbA1C levels below 7% for most individuals to minimize long-term complications.
What is the typical location of involvement in Crohn's disease?
1) Proximal small intestine
2) Distal small intestine
3) Large intestine
4) Both small and large intestines
Crohn's disease most commonly affects the distal ileum, which is the last part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.
Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic kidney disease?
1) Hypertension
2) Anemia
3) Hyperkalemia
4) Hypernatremia
Chronic kidney disease can lead to hypertension, anemia, and hyperkalemia due to impaired renal function. However, hypernatremia is typically associated with decreased water intake or increased water loss, not increased sodium levels.
What is the primary hormone responsible for the regulation of calcium homeostasis?
1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2) Calcitonin
3) Vitamin D
4) Thyrocalcitonin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the primary hormone that regulates calcium homeostasis in the body. It is secreted by the parathyroid glands and acts on the kidneys, bones, and intestines to maintain serum calcium levels within a narrow range. While vitamin D and calcitonin also play roles in calcium metabolism, PTH is the major player in this regulatory process.
What is the most common malignancy associated with Zollinger Ellison syndrome?
1) Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
2) Gastric adenocarcinoma
3) Small intestine adenocarcinoma
4) Hepatic metastasis
While Zollinger Ellison syndrome is primarily associated with gastrinomas, these tumors can be malignant and can metastasize. The most common malignant counterpart is pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which can be found in about 25% of cases.