MDS PREP
A 55-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increasing shortness of breath and cough with greenish sputum. His chest X-ray shows consolidation in the right middle lobe. Which of the following is the most likely pathogen?
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
4) Legionella pneumophila
In a patient with COPD presenting with community-acquired pneumonia, the most common bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. The consolidation on chest X-ray and the presence of purulent sputum are characteristic features of bacterial pneumonia.
Which of the following is a congenital deficiency associated with a hemorrhagic diathesis?
1) Hageman trait
2) Parahemophilia
3) Hypoprothrombinemia due to liver disease
4) Hemophilia A
Hemophilia A is a congenital defect due to various abnormalities of the gene on the X chromosome that codes for factor VIII, leading to a hemorrhagic diathesis. Hageman trait is also congenital but does not directly cause a bleeding disorder.
What is the typical clinical presentation of acute alcoholic hepatitis?
1) Asymptomatic, with mild transaminitis
2) Fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain
3) Diarrhea and vomiting
4) Generalized edema
Acute alcoholic hepatitis typically presents with fever, jaundice, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. It is characterized by hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation.
A patient with diabetes mellitus presents with a non-healing foot ulcer. Which of the following is NOT a component of the comprehensive management of the ulcer?
1) Infection control
2) Daily wound dressing changes
3) Blood glucose management
4) Revascularization if indicated
While daily wound dressing changes are a part of ulcer care, the other options are more critical in the comprehensive management of diabetic foot ulcers.
What is the most common cause of secondary hypoadrenalism?
1) Pituitary tumor
2) Adrenal tumor
3) Pituitary apoplexy
4) Sheehan's syndrome
Secondary hypoadrenalism occurs due to decreased stimulation of the adrenal glands by the pituitary gland, most commonly as a result of a pituitary tumor, such as a prolactinoma or nonfunctioning adenoma, which compresses the pituitary gland and impairs its ability to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
What is the primary role of ceruloplasmin?
1) Transport of copper
2) Anti-inflammatory activity
3) Lipid metabolism
4) Blood clotting
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver that primarily functions to transport and regulate the levels of copper in the bloodstream. It is not directly involved in blood clotting or inflammation.
What is the principal function of ceruloplasmin in the body?
1) Transport of iron
2) Transport of copper
3) Inhibition of serum proteases
4) Osmotic regulation
Ceruloplasmin is a protein synthesized in the liver and is the major copper-transporting protein in the bloodstream. It is essential for the maintenance of iron homeostasis and the metabolism of iron and copper.
What gene is commonly associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
1) APC
2) LKB1/STK11
3) MUTYH
4) TP53
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with mutations in the LKB1/STK11 gene. This autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation, and it increases the risk of various malignancies.