MDS PREP
In which of the following conditions is nephrotic syndrome characterized by the presence of fibrin in the glomerulus?
1) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
2) Minimal-change disease
3) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
4) Membranous nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium, leading to proliferation of mesangial cells and the formation of a dense, double-contour appearance. This can result in the deposition of fibrin in the glomerulus.
A 20-year-old female presents with a two-day history of fever, sore throat, and a fine, macular rash that appears more prominent on her palms and soles. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1) Measles
2) Scarlet fever
3) Rubella
4) Mononucleosis
The combination of fever, sore throat, and a fine, macular rash that is more prominent on the palms and soles is characteristic of scarlet fever.
Glomerular filtration ceases when systolic blood pressure falls below
1) 80 mm Hg
2) 70 mm Hg
3) 60 mm Hg
4) 50 mm Hg
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Glomerular filtration typically ceases when systolic blood pressure falls below 70 mmHg as renal perfusion becomes inadequate for filtration.
In a patient with a pulmonary embolism, which of the following is the most sensitive diagnostic test?
1) Chest X-ray
2) D-dimer assay
3) Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)
4) Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
CTPA is the most sensitive diagnostic test for pulmonary embolism, as it directly visualizes the emboli in the pulmonary arteries.
A patient has a congenital deficiency of which of the following factors leading to bleeding diathesis?
1) Factor II
2) Factor V
3) Factor X
4) Factor XII
Parahemophilia is a congenital deficiency of factor V, which is less severe than Hemophilia A or B. It leads to a mild bleeding diathesis. Factor XII deficiency is associated with Hageman trait, which typically does not cause a significant bleeding tendency.
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is an allergic reaction to
1) Drugs
2) House dust
3) Virus
4) Worms
General Medicine
Answer: 4
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is often linked to parasitic infections, especially related to filarial infections, where the immune response to the worms leads to eosinophilia.
Which of the following is a hallmark of alcoholic cirrhosis?
1) Massive hepatic necrosis
2) Fatty infiltration of hepatocytes
3) Extensive scar tissue and regenerative nodules
4) Inflammatory cell infiltration
Alcoholic cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of extensive scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules within the liver. This results from chronic alcohol-induced damage to hepatocytes and the subsequent wound healing response.
Which of the following is NOT a type of E. coli associated with diarrheal disease?
1) Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
2) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
3) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
4) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
ETEC, EIEC, and EAEC are all types of E. coli that can cause diarrheal disease through various mechanisms. EPEC is typically associated with gastrointestinal illness, particularly in children, but does not typically cause the severe forms of diarrhea seen with ETEC or EHEC.