MDS PREP
As opposed to lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia is characterised grossly and microscopically by
1) Patchy inflammatory distribution
2) Organization of alveolar exudates
3) Diffuse inflammatory distribution
4) Inflammation of bronchus
General Medicine
Answer: 1
As opposed to lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia is characterized grossly and microscopically by patchy inflammatory distribution
What is the characteristic histological feature of the polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
1) Adenomatous changes
2) Papillomatous structure
3) Arborizing network of connective tissue and smooth muscle
4) High-grade dysplasia
The polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are typically large and pedunculated with a lobulated contour. Histologically, they exhibit a characteristic arborizing network of connective tissue, smooth muscle, lamina propria, and glands lined by normal appearing intestinal epithelium.
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with a red, smooth tongue. This is most likely due to:
1) Iron deficiency anemia
2) Pernicious anemia
3) Megaloblastic anemia
4) Thiamine deficiency
The patient's symptoms are indicative of thiamine deficiency, which is a common nutritional deficiency in chronic alcoholics.
What is the major effector of cell injury in alcoholic hepatitis?
1) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
2) Interferon gamma (IFN-?)
3) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
4) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
TNF is considered the main effector of injury in alcoholic hepatitis. It is produced by activated macrophages, particularly Kupffer cells, and plays a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation and necrosis in the liver.
Which of the following is NOT a function of albumin?
1) Osmotic regulation
2) Transport of thyroid hormones
3) Binding and transport of fatty acids
4) Carrier protein for bilirubin
Albumin is mainly involved in osmotic regulation and serves as a carrier protein for various substances, including bilirubin and fatty acids. However, it is not a primary carrier for thyroid hormones, which are mainly transported by thyroxine-binding globulin.
Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrinogen in the coagulation cascade?
1) Precursor to fibrin
2) Coagulation factor stabilizer
3) Blood clot formation
4) Blood clot dissolution
Fibrinogen is essential for blood clot formation as it is converted into fibrin by thrombin. However, its role is not in dissolving blood clots; that is primarily the function of plasminogen, which is converted to plasmin.
When prescribing for a patient of renal failure, the elimination of drug from the kidney in the case of renal impairment all the following are correct except
1) Creatinine clearance is taken as guide
2) The normal main dose is given if the drug is being metabolized
3) The time to reach to steady state plasma concentration is the same as in patients with normal renal function
4) None of the above
General Medicine
Answer: 3
In renal impairment, the time to reach steady-state plasma concentration generally differs from that in patients with normal renal function due to altered clearance; hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
A patient has a prolonged PTT and normal PT. Which coagulation factor deficiency is most likely?
1) Factor VIII deficiency
2) Factor V deficiency
3) Factor II deficiency
4) Factor X deficiency
The PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) is prolonged in deficiencies of factors VIII, IX, and XII, which are part of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Since factor VIII deficiency is more common and is associated with a bleeding diathesis, it is the most likely deficiency in this scenario.