MDS PREP
What is the typical age of onset for children with growth hormone deficiency due to hypopituitarism?
1) At birth
2) During infancy
3) At the onset of puberty
4) Variable, but often in childhood
Growth hormone deficiency due to hypopituitarism can manifest at different ages depending on the underlying cause. It is often recognized in childhood when growth patterns are monitored regularly.
What is the primary function of protein S?
1) Inhibition of factor Xa
2) Inhibition of factor VIIIa
3) Inhibition of factor IIa (thrombin)
4) Activation of factor V
Protein S, in complex with activated protein C, acts as a cofactor for the inhibition of factor Xa, thus playing a role in the regulation of the coagulation cascade and preventing thrombus formation.
What is the primary pathogenic mechanism of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
1) Invasion of gut epithelial cells
2) Production of heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST)
3) Induction of lipid peroxidation
4) Production of Shiga-like toxins
ETEC are the principal cause of traveler’s diarrhe1) They produce both a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) that act on the intestinal mucos1) The LT is similar to cholera toxin and increases intracellular cGMP levels, leading to enhanced fluid and electrolyte secretion into the lumen and thus diarrhe1) The ST acts by a different mechanism but also enhances fluid and electrolyte secretion.
What is the most common non-CNS manifestation of Wilson’s disease?
1) Hepatic cirrhosis
2) Cardiac dysfunction
3) Pancreatitis
4) Arthritis
While CNS manifestations are prominent in Wilson’s disease, hepatic cirrhosis is the most common non-CNS manifestation. It occurs due to the deposition of copper in the liver, leading to chronic liver damage.
What is the typical endoscopic appearance of the small intestine in patients with untreated celiac disease?
1) Normal
2) Atrophic villi
3) Ulcers
4) Inflamed mucosa
Untreated celiac disease leads to villous atrophy, where the finger-like projections of the intestinal mucosa become flattened, reducing the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Alpha antitrypism deficiency causes
1) Centrilobular emphysema
2) Panacinar emphysema
3) Lung cysts
4) Bronchiectasis
General Medicine
Answer: 2
Alpha antitrypism deficiency causes panacinar emphysema
What is the role of factor Xa in the coagulation cascade?
1) Activation of fibrinogen to fibrin
2) Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
3) Activation of factor V
4) Activation of factor VIII
Factor Xa is a serine protease that plays a pivotal role in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade. It, along with factor Va, forms the prothrombinase complex that converts prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin (factor IIa), which in turn activates fibrinogen to form fibrin, leading to clot formation.
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is
1) Active
2) Inactive
3) Persistent
4) Super infection
General Medicine
Answer: 1
Presence of cavitation in TB indicates the disease is active