MDS PREP
Antibioma is
1) A tumour of fibrous tissue
2) Granulation tissue mass caused by antibiotics
3) Malignant tumour caused by antibiotics
4) None
Oral medicine
Answer: 2
An antibioma is a localized mass of granulation tissue that forms in response to the presence of antibiotics, often as a result of an infection. It is not a tumor in the traditional sense but rather a reactive tissue response to the antibiotic treatment.
What is the common mode of action of antifungal agents like nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Binding to bacterial cell walls
(2) Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
(3) Inhibition of fungal ergosterol synthesis
(4) Inhibition of fungal DNA synthesis
Nystatin and clotrimazole work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and allowing the leakage of intracellular components. This leads to the death of the affected fungal cell.
A 35-year-old male comes to the clinic complaining of fever and malaise. Blood tests reveal a positive reaction to a tuberculin skin test. What is the most likely diagnosis?
(1) Active tuberculosis (TB)
(2) Latent TB infection
(3) BCG vaccine failure
(4) TB meningitis
A positive tuberculin skin test indicates a past exposure to TB bacteria, which has led to the development of an immune response. Latent TB infection is asymptomatic and does not imply active disease. Further tests are needed to rule out active TB.
What is the most common site of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer?
1) Superficial veins
2) Cerebral sinuses
3) Deep veins of the lower extremities
4) Hepatic veins
The most common site of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer is the deep veins of the lower extremities, often referred to as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This is due to a combination of factors such as immobility, cancer-induced hypercoagulability, and damage to the vessels from tumor infiltration or surgery.
What is the primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease?
1) Brain MRI
2) Genetic testing
3) Clinical examination and family history
4) Cerebral spinal fluid analysis
The primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease is genetic testing. It involves identifying the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in the HTT gene on chromosome 4.
A patient with severe bronchospasm secondary to an asthma attack is administered a beta2 agonist. What is the primary mechanism of action of beta2 agonists?
(1) Stimulation of beta2 receptors in the heart
(2) Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
(3) Constriction of bronchial blood vessels
(4) Stimulation of mucus production
Beta2 agonists, such as albuterol, work by binding to beta2 receptors on the smooth muscles surrounding the airways, leading to relaxation of these muscles and bronchodilation, which helps alleviate the bronchospasm characteristic of an asthma attack.
What is the primary target of warfarin in the prevention of thrombosis?
1) Platelets
2) Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
3) Fibrin
4) Factor VIII
Warfarin acts by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. This anticoagulant effect decreases the formation of thrombin and fibrin and is used to prevent thrombus formation and embolization in conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
What is the primary treatment for a pneumothorax?
(1) Inhalation of oxygen
(2) Chest tube placement
(3) Pleural fluid drainage
(4) Anti-inflammatory medication
The definitive treatment for a pneumothorax is the insertion of a chest tube, which allows the evacuation of air or gas from the pleural space and the re-expansion of the lung. This is crucial for alleviating the symptoms and preventing the condition from progressing to a tension pneumothorax, which can be life-threatening. Other treatments may include oxygen therapy and pain management.