MDS PREP
What is the primary target of antifungal agents such as nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Sterols in the fungal cell membrane
(2) Lipids in the fungal cell membrane
(3) Proteins in the fungal cell membrane
(4) Carbohydrates in the fungal cell membrane
Nystatin and clotrimazole target ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and death of the fungal cells. This mechanism is specific to fungal cells and does not harm human cells, which lack ergosterol in their membranes.
In a patient with suspected hyperparathyroidism, which of the following is the most sensitive diagnostic test for the disease?
(1) Serum calcium
(2) Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH)
(3) Urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio
(4) Serum phosphorus
The most sensitive diagnostic test for hyperparathyroidism is the measurement of serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels. Elevated iPTH levels in the context of hypercalcemia are indicative of primary hyperparathyroidism. However, serum calcium levels are also typically high in this condition and are commonly measured in the initial workup.
A 2-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with fever and seizures. The child's mother reports that the child has been vomiting and has had diarrhea for the past 24 hours. What is the most likely diagnosis?
(1) Diabetic ketoacidosis
(2) Meningitis
(3) Sepsis
(4) Gastroenteritis
The combination of fever, vomiting, and diarrhea with seizures in a young child is more indicative of gastroenteritis, which can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances leading to seizures, rather than the other options listed.
A patient is admitted with suspected cholera. What is the most appropriate initial treatment for this condition?
(1) Intravenous antibiotics
(2) Intravenous fluids and electrolytes
(3) Intravenous opioids
(4) Intravenous corticosteroids
The most critical aspect of cholera treatment is aggressive rehydration to replace the large volume of fluid and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Antibiotics may be administered to reduce the duration of illness and the volume of diarrhea, but rehydration is the immediate priority.
What is the typical age range for increased risk of coronary heart disease in men?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
According to the provided risk factor list for atherosclerosis, men are considered at increased risk for coronary heart disease starting at the age of 45 years.
What is the primary defect in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis?
1) Marked increase in muscle potassium permeability
2) Marked decrease in muscle sodium permeability
3) Marked decrease in muscle potassium permeability
4) Impaired sodium-potassium pump function
In familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis, the primary defect is a decrease in muscle potassium permeability, leading to a reduced efflux of potassium from muscle cells.
In Paget's disease of bone, which of the following is a characteristic finding in serum biochemistry?
(1) High serum alkaline phosphatase levels
(2) High serum calcium levels
(3) Low serum phosphorus levels
(4) High serum PTH levels
Paget's disease is characterized by excessive and abnormal bone remodeling, which results in increased bone turnover. This increased turnover is reflected in the serum by high levels of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme involved in bone formation. While calcium and phosphorus levels may be affected in some cases, the hallmark biochemical abnormality in Paget's disease is elevated alkaline phosphatase.
Which is a non-absorbable suture
1) Polypropylene
2) Polyglycollic acid
3) Vicryl
4) Collagen
Oral medicine
Answer: 1
1. Polypropylene: This is a synthetic, non-absorbable suture material known
for its strength and resistance to infection. It is commonly used in oral
surgery and dental procedures due to its non-reactive nature with tissues.
2. Polyglycollic acid: Polyglycollic acid is an absorbable suture material that
is broken down by hydrolysis.
3. Vicryl: Vicryl is a synthetic, absorbable suture material that is commonly
used in dentistry due to its good handling properties and tissue reactivity
profile.
4. Collagen: Collagen is a natural, absorbable suture material derived from
animal sources. It is biocompatible but not as strong as non-absorbable
materials and is absorbed by the body over time.