MDS PREP
Which of the following is a common premedication for patients with valvular heart disease or congenital cardiac defects undergoing dental procedures to prevent bacterial endocarditis?
(1) Amoxicillin
(2) Clindamycin
(3) Cephalexin
(4) All of the above
Amoxicillin, clindamycin, and cephalexin are all commonly recommended as premedications for patients with valvular heart disease or congenital cardiac defects before dental procedures. The choice of antibiotic may depend on the patient's allergies and the type of infection.
What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the treatment of pulmonary embolism?
1) Prevents thrombus formation
2) Dissolves existing thrombi
3) Inhibits platelet aggregation
4) Enhances fibrinolysis
tPA is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots. In the treatment of pulmonary embolism, it is administered to break down the clot in the pulmonary artery, thereby improving blood flow and reducing the risk of complications.
Earliest symptom in acute appendicitis is
1) Pain
2) Fever
3) Vomiting
4) Rise of pulse rate
Oral medicine
Answer: 1
The earliest and most common symptom of acute appendicitis is abdominal pain. This pain often starts around the umbilical area and then migrates to the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Other symptoms such as fever and vomiting typically occur after the onset of pain.
What is the primary target of warfarin in the prevention of thrombosis?
1) Platelets
2) Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
3) Fibrin
4) Factor VIII
Warfarin acts by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as proteins C and S. This anticoagulant effect decreases the formation of thrombin and fibrin and is used to prevent thrombus formation and embolization in conditions such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Condition not associated with primary inflammation
1. Pregnancy
2. Dilantin therapy
3. Vit-C deficiency
4. Puberty
Oral Medicine
Answer: 2
What is the primary target of antifungal agents such as nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Sterols in the fungal cell membrane
(2) Lipids in the fungal cell membrane
(3) Proteins in the fungal cell membrane
(4) Carbohydrates in the fungal cell membrane
Nystatin and clotrimazole target ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and death of the fungal cells. This mechanism is specific to fungal cells and does not harm human cells, which lack ergosterol in their membranes.
A 35-year-old male comes to the clinic complaining of fever and malaise. Blood tests reveal a positive reaction to a tuberculin skin test. What is the most likely diagnosis?
(1) Active tuberculosis (TB)
(2) Latent TB infection
(3) BCG vaccine failure
(4) TB meningitis
A positive tuberculin skin test indicates a past exposure to TB bacteria, which has led to the development of an immune response. Latent TB infection is asymptomatic and does not imply active disease. Further tests are needed to rule out active TB.
What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
1) Inhalation of carbon dioxide
2) Injection of sodium bicarbonate
3) Ingestion of antacids
4) Increase in respiratory rate
The treatment for respiratory alkalosis typically involves correcting the underlying cause. However, if symptoms are severe, inhalation of a small amount of carbon dioxide can be administered.