MDS PREP
What is the typical age of onset for the increased risk of coronary heart disease in men?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
Men generally have an earlier onset of coronary heart disease compared to women, and the risk increases significantly after the age of 45.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the rash seen in scarlet fever?
(1) Small, flat, red spots that are not elevated.
(2) Small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper.
(3) Large, fluid-filled blisters.
(4) Thin, red streaks that spread out from the central lesion.
The rash in scarlet fever is characterized by small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper when touched. These bumps, known as "Pastia lines," are particularly prominent in skin folds. The rash is caused by the exotoxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and typically occurs with a strep throat infection.
What is the characteristic gait abnormality seen in patients with advanced Huntington's disease?
1) Festinating gait
2) Spastic gait
3) Ataxic gait
4) Choreic gait
The characteristic gait abnormality in Huntington's disease is the choreic gait, which is disjointed and poorly coordinated with a "dancing" quality.
What is the primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease?
1) Brain MRI
2) Genetic testing
3) Clinical examination and family history
4) Cerebral spinal fluid analysis
The primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease is genetic testing. It involves identifying the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in the HTT gene on chromosome 4.
What is the most commonly damaged heart valve in rheumatic heart disease?
1) Aortic valve
2) Mitral valve
3) Tricuspid valve
4) Pulmonary valve
Rheumatic heart disease is most commonly associated with damage to the mitral valve, which is situated between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?
1) High HDL cholesterol
2) Low LDL cholesterol
3) High triglycerides
4) Low triglycerides
High triglycerides are a risk factor for atherosclerosis as they contribute to the formation of lipid-rich plaques in the arterial walls.
In a patient with muscular dystrophy, which serum enzyme levels are likely to be elevated?
(1) Creatine phosphokinase (CK-2)
(2) Creatine phosphokinase (CK-3)
(3) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
(4) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
In muscular dystrophy, there is ongoing muscle fiber destruction and regeneration, which leads to the release of muscle enzymes into the bloodstream. CK-3 is the muscle-specific isoenzyme that is most commonly elevated in muscular dystrophies, indicating damage to skeletal muscles.
A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed glimepiride. What is the primary mechanism of action of glimepiride?
(1) Stimulation of insulin secretion
(2) Inhibition of insulin secretion
(3) Increased peripheral glucose utilization
(4) Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels and causing depolarization, leading to calcium influx and insulin release.