MDS PREP
What is the initial event in a vasovagal syncope episode?
1) Bradycardia
2) Tachycardia
3) Decrease in peripheral vascular resistance
4) Increased catecholamine release
The initial event in a vasovagal syncope episode is an increase in catecholamine release, leading to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and tachycardia.
In a patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the following is NOT a common side effect of long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy?
1) Oral thrush
2) Pneumonia
3) Osteoporosis
4) Tachycardia
Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in COPD management to reduce inflammation and exacerbations. Common side effects include oral thrush, pneumonia due to immunocompromise, and osteoporosis due to steroid-induced bone loss. Tachycardia is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
A patient presents with oral lesions and is diagnosed with secondary syphilis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of this stage?
(1) Condylomata lata
(2) Lues maligna
(3) Mucous patches
(4) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Secondary syphilis is characterized by the development of mucocutaneous lesions, including mucous patches, which are painless, erythematous ulcers with a smooth, moist, and glistening appearance, often found on the oral mucosa. These lesions can occur anywhere in the oral cavity but are particularly common on the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa.
The pathogenesis of hypocromic anaemia in lead poisoning is due to
1. Inhibition of enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis
2. Binding of lead to transferrin, inhibiting transport of iron
3. Binding of lead to cell membrane of erythroid precursors
4. Binding of lead to ferretin inhibiting their breakdown into hemosiderin
Oral Medicine Answer: 1
In a patient with gestational diabetes, which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of the condition?
(1) Advanced maternal age.
(2) Obesity.
(3) Previous history of gestational diabetes.
(4) Being a non-smoker.
The risk factors for gestational diabetes include advanced maternal age, obesity, previous history of gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain ethnic groups (e.g., African American, Hispanic, Native American). Being a non-smoker is not a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes; rather, smoking is generally associated with a lower risk of developing the condition.
What are the two main clinical hallmarks of Huntington's disease?
(1) Parkinsonism and tremor
(2) Chorea and cognitive impairment
(3) Ataxia and peripheral neuropathy
(4) Dystonia and rigidity
Huntington's disease is characterized by two main clinical features: chorea (involuntary, irregular, and sudden jerky movements) and behavioral disturbances. These symptoms may occur alone or in combination, with the choreic movement disorder typically becoming more pronounced over time.
What is the target INR range for a patient on warfarin therapy to undergo minor oral surgery?
(1) Less than 2
(2) 2-3
(3) 3-4
(4) Less than 1.5
For a patient on warfarin therapy, the target INR (International Normalized Ratio) for undergoing minor oral surgery is typically 2-3. This range provides adequate thromboprophylaxis while minimizing the risk of excessive bleeding. However, the decision to proceed with surgery should be made on a case-by-case basis, considering the patient's overall health and surgical risks.
In the context of antitubercular therapy, which of the following is true about the metabolism of isoniazid and streptomycin?
(1) Both are metabolized in the liver
(2) Both are metabolized in the kidneys
(3) Isoniazid is metabolized in the liver, while streptomycin is metabolized in the kidneys
(4) Isoniazid is metabolized in the kidneys, while streptomycin is metabolized in the liver
Isoniazid is metabolized by the liver, while streptomycin is metabolized by the kidneys. This is important to consider when administering these drugs, especially in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.