MDS PREP
What is the primary prevention strategy for pulmonary embolism in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation?
(1) Antiplatelet therapy
(2) Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin
(3) Physical prophylaxis with compression stockings
(4) Thrombolytic therapy
Patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation are at high risk for pulmonary embolism due to venous thrombosis and intra-cardiac thrombus formation. The primary prevention strategy for these patients is anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, as it reduces the risk of thrombus formation and embolization. Warfarin is effective in preventing stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and is also beneficial in the context of heart failure.
Gingival manifestation is seen maximum with
1. AML
2. CLL
3. CML
4. ALL
Oral Medicine
Answer: 1
What is the initial event in a vasovagal syncope episode?
1) Bradycardia
2) Tachycardia
3) Decrease in peripheral vascular resistance
4) Increased catecholamine release
The initial event in a vasovagal syncope episode is an increase in catecholamine release, leading to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and tachycardia.
What is the primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease?
1) Brain MRI
2) Genetic testing
3) Clinical examination and family history
4) Cerebral spinal fluid analysis
The primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease is genetic testing. It involves identifying the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in the HTT gene on chromosome 4.
What condition is NOT associated with osteoporosis?
1) Hypogonadism
2) Hyperthyroidism
3) Fluorosis
4) Hyperparathyroidism
Fluorosis is associated with osteosclerosis, not osteoporosis. It leads to increased bone density due to excessive deposition of fluoride.
What is the primary function of the mitral valve in the heart?
1) To prevent backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole
2) To prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during systole
3) To prevent backflow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during systole
4) To prevent backflow of blood from the vena cava into the right atrium during systole
The mitral valve is crucial in preventing the backflow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during systole, ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart during the cardiac cycle.
A 35-year-old male comes to the clinic complaining of fever and malaise. Blood tests reveal a positive reaction to a tuberculin skin test. What is the most likely diagnosis?
(1) Active tuberculosis (TB)
(2) Latent TB infection
(3) BCG vaccine failure
(4) TB meningitis
A positive tuberculin skin test indicates a past exposure to TB bacteria, which has led to the development of an immune response. Latent TB infection is asymptomatic and does not imply active disease. Further tests are needed to rule out active TB.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the rash seen in scarlet fever?
(1) Small, flat, red spots that are not elevated.
(2) Small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper.
(3) Large, fluid-filled blisters.
(4) Thin, red streaks that spread out from the central lesion.
The rash in scarlet fever is characterized by small, raised, red bumps that feel like sandpaper when touched. These bumps, known as "Pastia lines," are particularly prominent in skin folds. The rash is caused by the exotoxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and typically occurs with a strep throat infection.