MDS PREP
In a patient with gestational diabetes, which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of the condition?
(1) Advanced maternal age.
(2) Obesity.
(3) Previous history of gestational diabetes.
(4) Being a non-smoker.
The risk factors for gestational diabetes include advanced maternal age, obesity, previous history of gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain ethnic groups (e.g., African American, Hispanic, Native American). Being a non-smoker is not a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes; rather, smoking is generally associated with a lower risk of developing the condition.
What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
1) Inhalation of carbon dioxide
2) Injection of sodium bicarbonate
3) Ingestion of antacids
4) Increase in respiratory rate
The treatment for respiratory alkalosis typically involves correcting the underlying cause. However, if symptoms are severe, inhalation of a small amount of carbon dioxide can be administered.
A patient with a history of hypothyroidism presents with fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:
1) Subclinical hypothyroidism
2) Hyperthyroidism
3) Thyroid cancer
4) Adrenal insufficiency
The symptoms of fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain are more consistent with hypothyroidism than hyperthyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a milder form of hypothyroidism where the patient may have a normal T4 level but an elevated TSH level.
Which of the following antiprotozoal agents is not indicated for the treatment of giardiasis?
(1) Nitazoxanide
(2) Furazolidone
(3) Metronidazole
(4) Quinacrine
Nitazoxanide and furazolidone are both indicated for the treatment of giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia. Metronidazole is also effective against anaerobic bacterial infections but is not primarily used for giardiasis. Quinacrine is an antimalarial agent and is not used to treat protozoal infections such as giardiasis.
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with an increased risk of developing venous thrombosis?
1) Orthopedic surgery
2) Lung cancer
3) Estrogen use for contraception
4) DVT in a family member
While lung cancer itself is not a direct risk factor for venous thrombosis, it can be associated with hypercoagulable states due to the presence of tumor cells or paraneoplastic syndromes. The other options (orthopedic surgery, estrogen use for contraception, and a family history of DVT) are all recognized conditions that increase the risk of developing venous thrombosis.
What is the normal heart rate for an adult?
1) 60-80 beats/min
2) 70-90 beats/min
3) 80-100 beats/min
4) 100-120 beats/min
The normal resting adult heart rate is typically between 60 and 80 beats per minute.
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of valvular heart disease?
1) Shortness of breath
2) Rapid heartbeat
3) Chest discomfort
4) Abnormal body temperature
Valvular heart disease symptoms typically include weakness on exertion, rapid heartbeat, chest discomfort, and fainting spells. However, an abnormal body temperature is not a common symptom associated with valvular heart disease.
What is the primary target of antifungal agents such as nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Sterols in the fungal cell membrane
(2) Lipids in the fungal cell membrane
(3) Proteins in the fungal cell membrane
(4) Carbohydrates in the fungal cell membrane
Nystatin and clotrimazole target ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and death of the fungal cells. This mechanism is specific to fungal cells and does not harm human cells, which lack ergosterol in their membranes.