MDS PREP
What is the common mode of action of antifungal agents like nystatin and clotrimazole in treating oral candidiasis?
(1) Binding to bacterial cell walls
(2) Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
(3) Inhibition of fungal ergosterol synthesis
(4) Inhibition of fungal DNA synthesis
Nystatin and clotrimazole work by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, increasing permeability and allowing the leakage of intracellular components. This leads to the death of the affected fungal cell.
What is the most common cause of megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency?
1) Increased metabolic demand
2) Decreased dietary intake
3) Impaired absorption
4) Increased renal excretion
Folic acid deficiency is most commonly due to inadequate dietary intake or increased metabolic demand, such as during pregnancy.
A patient with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease is prescribed chloramphenicol for a bacterial infection. What is a potential adverse effect of this medication that requires careful monitoring in this patient population?
(1) Nephrotoxicity
(2) Hepatotoxicity
(3) Ototoxicity
(4) Neutropenia
Chloramphenicol is known to have nephrotoxic effects and can exacerbate pre-existing kidney damage. It is essential to monitor renal function closely in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease when administering this antibiotic.
What is the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure in adults?
1) Brain tumors
2) Head trauma
3) Meningitis
4) Hydrocephalus
Brain tumors are the most common cause of increased intracranial pressure in adults.
What is the primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease?
1) Brain MRI
2) Genetic testing
3) Clinical examination and family history
4) Cerebral spinal fluid analysis
The primary mode of diagnosis for Huntington's disease is genetic testing. It involves identifying the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat (CAG) in the HTT gene on chromosome 4.
What is the prevalence of Huntington's disease in the general population?
1) 1/1000
2) 1/10,000
3) 1/100,000
4) 1/1,000,000
Huntington's disease has a prevalence of approximately 10 per 100,000 people in the general population. It is more common in certain ethnic groups, particularly those of Western European descent.
What is the genetic basis of neurofibromatosis type 1?
(1) Autosomal recessive inheritance, gene located on chromosome 13
(2) Autosomal dominant inheritance, gene located on chromosome 17
(3) Autosomal dominant inheritance, gene located on chromosome 22
(4) Autosomal recessive inheritance, gene located on chromosome 17
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the NF1 gene, which produces neurofibromin. The gene is located on chromosome 17.
What is the primary action of acetaminophen?
1) Anti-inflammatory
2) Analgesic and antipyretic
3) Muscle relaxant
4) Antihypertensive
Acetaminophen is primarily known for its analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects. It is a common component in many over-the-counter pain relief medications.