MDS PREP
What is the most common risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?
1) Cigarette smoking
2) High HDL cholesterol
3) Physical inactivity
4) Impaired fasting glucose
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis as it damages the inner lining of the blood vessels, leading to the formation of plaques.
What is the primary action of acetaminophen?
1) Anti-inflammatory
2) Analgesic and antipyretic
3) Muscle relaxant
4) Antihypertensive
Acetaminophen is primarily known for its analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects. It is a common component in many over-the-counter pain relief medications.
A patient presents with oral lesions and is diagnosed with secondary syphilis. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of this stage?
(1) Condylomata lata
(2) Lues maligna
(3) Mucous patches
(4) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
Secondary syphilis is characterized by the development of mucocutaneous lesions, including mucous patches, which are painless, erythematous ulcers with a smooth, moist, and glistening appearance, often found on the oral mucosa. These lesions can occur anywhere in the oral cavity but are particularly common on the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa.
What is the typical age of onset for the increased risk of coronary heart disease in men?
1) ? 45 years
2) ? 55 years
3) ? 65 years
4) ? 75 years
Men generally have an earlier onset of coronary heart disease compared to women, and the risk increases significantly after the age of 45.
What is the primary mechanism of action of antiphospholipid syndrome in promoting thrombosis?
1) Inhibition of protein C and protein S
2) Activation of platelets
3) Enhancement of fibrinolysis
4) Induction of antibodies against phospholipids
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. These antibodies can bind to phospholipids in cell membranes, leading to a prothrombotic state and an increased risk of thrombosis. The exact mechanism by which these antibodies induce thrombosis is complex and may involve interference with anticoagulant proteins like protein C and protein S, as well as platelet activation and endothelial damage. However, the primary mechanism is the presence of these autoantibodies.
Which of the following is a characteristic of pulmonary embolism?
1) Absent breath sounds
2) Hyperinflated lungs
3) Pleural friction rub
4) Wheezing
Pulmonary embolism is often associated with the sudden onset of absent or diminished breath sounds on the affected side of the chest due to the obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot.
What is the prevalence of Huntington's disease in the general population?
1) 1/1000
2) 1/10,000
3) 1/100,000
4) 1/1,000,000
Huntington's disease has a prevalence of approximately 10 per 100,000 people in the general population. It is more common in certain ethnic groups, particularly those of Western European descent.
In the context of antitubercular therapy, which of the following is true about the metabolism of isoniazid and streptomycin?
(1) Both are metabolized in the liver
(2) Both are metabolized in the kidneys
(3) Isoniazid is metabolized in the liver, while streptomycin is metabolized in the kidneys
(4) Isoniazid is metabolized in the kidneys, while streptomycin is metabolized in the liver
Isoniazid is metabolized by the liver, while streptomycin is metabolized by the kidneys. This is important to consider when administering these drugs, especially in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.