MDS PREP
In a patient with Cushing's syndrome, which of the following is NOT a typical laboratory finding?
1) Low serum cortisol
2) High serum cortisol
3) Low serum ACTH
4) High serum potassium
Low serum cortisol is not a typical laboratory finding in Cushing's syndrome, where high serum cortisol is expected.
Acanthosis is
1. Increase in mitotic division
2. Increase in thickness of superficial layer
3. Increase in thickness of spinous layer
4. Disruption of basal lamina
Oral Pathology
Answer: 3
Acanthosis refers to the hyperplasia or
thickening of the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis or epithelium. It is
often seen in conditions such as psoriasis or lichen planus. This is distinct
from other phenomena like increased mitotic division or disruption of the basal
lamina.
Carcinoma of lip
1. Occurs mostly in males
2. Metastases easily
3. Occurs mostly in the lower lip
4. Is mostly basal cell type
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Carcinoma of the Lip
Occurs mostly in males: Lip carcinoma, particularly
squamous cell carcinoma, is more common in males than females. This is often
attributed to higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use, as well as increased
sun exposure without protection.
Metastases easily: While lip carcinomas can
metastasize, they do not typically do so as easily as other cancers.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip can metastasize, but it is often
localized initially.
Occurs mostly in the lower lip: This is true; the lower
lip is the most common site for lip carcinoma due to greater sun exposure
and thinner skin.
Is mostly basal cell type: This statement is
misleading. While basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer
overall, squamous cell carcinoma is more prevalent in the lip region.
Hypopigmentation, gray streaks of hair, degranulation defect of neutrophils and neuropathy are seen in
1. Aleukaemic leukaemia
2. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia
3. Lazy leukocyte syndrome
4. Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Oral Pathology
Answer: 4
Hypopigmentation, gray streaks of hair, degranulation defect of neutrophils, and neuropathy are seen in Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
The major stimulator of monocytes
1. IL-I
2. ã-interferon
3. IgE
4. lgG
Pathology Answer: 1
1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Interleukin-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that
plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune system. It
is produced mainly by macrophages and monocytes in response to various stimuli,
including bacterial endotoxins, viruses, and tissue damage. IL-1 is a major
stimulator of monocytes, as it promotes their proliferation, differentiation
into macrophages, and enhances their phagocytic and antigen-presenting
capabilities. It also induces the production of other cytokines, such as
TNF-alpha and IL-6, which further amplify the inflammatory response. Thus, it
acts as a critical mediator in the early stages of the immune response and is
involved in the initiation of the acute phase reaction.
2. α-Interferon: Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an
essential role in the innate immune response to viral infections. They are
mainly produced by cells in response to viral infection and can induce an
antiviral state in nearby cells by upregulating the expression of proteins that
inhibit viral replication. While α-interferon does not directly stimulate
monocytes, it does have some effects on the immune system, such as enhancing the
natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulating the function of macrophages and
other immune cells. However, it is not the primary stimulator of monocytes like
IL-1 is.
3. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): IgE is a class of antibodies that are involved in the
allergic response and the immune response to parasites. It is produced in
response to allergens and parasitic antigens. While IgE is important in the
activation of mast cells and basophils, which play a key role in the immediate
allergic response, it does not serve as a major stimulator of monocytes.
Monocytes are more closely associated with the innate immune response and are
not primarily activated by antibodies.
4. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): IgG is the most abundant and versatile class of
antibodies in the blood. It plays a pivotal role in the immune response by
binding to pathogens and facilitating their destruction through various
mechanisms, such as opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), activation of the
complement system, and neutralization of toxins. IgG can interact with
macrophages via Fcγ receptors, which can lead to phagocytosis of
antigen-antibody complexes. However, IgG is not a direct stimulator of monocytes
in the same sense that IL-1 is. Monocytes are primarily activated by cytokines
and other signaling molecules released during inflammation and infection, rather
than by antibodies.
Which type of gastritis is most commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection?
1) Diffuse nontoxic goiter
2) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3) Chronic antral (type 2) gastritis
4) Hypertrophic gastritis (Menetrier's disease)
Chronic antral (type 2) gastritis is most commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.
Which of the following diseases of the skin is the most likely to exhibit fluid blisters on the skin and/or oral mucosa?
1) Pemphigus
2) Lichen planus
3) Keratosis follicularis
4) Erythema multiforme
Oral Pathology
Answer: 1
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by the formation of bullae (fluid-filled blisters) on the skin and mucous membranes, including the oral mucosa. This condition occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the proteins that bind the layers of the skin together, leading to separation and blistering. The blisters are usually large and painful, and they can rupture easily, leaving raw, exposed areas of skin or mucous membrane.
Lichen planus, keratosis follicularis, and erythema multiforme are other skin conditions but do not typically present with fluid blisters as the main feature.
Bleeding time is prolonged in
1. Haemophilia
2. Von Willebrand"s disease
3. Henoch-Schonlein purpura
4. Telangiectasia
Oral Pathology
Answer: 2
Bleeding time is prolonged in von Willebrand's disease.